Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands, located in the neck, produce too much parathyroid hormone. This hormone plays a central role in regulating calcium levels within the body. Understanding whether this imbalance can influence body weight is a common concern for many individuals. This article explores the potential relationship between hyperparathyroidism and changes in weight.
What is Hyperparathyroidism?
The parathyroid glands are typically four small glands situated behind the thyroid gland in the neck. Their primary function involves producing parathyroid hormone (PTH), which acts as a regulator of calcium and phosphate concentrations in the bloodstream. PTH ensures that calcium levels remain within a narrow, healthy range for proper nerve, muscle, and bone function.
When one or more of these glands become overactive, they produce an excessive amount of PTH. The elevated PTH levels cause too much calcium to be released into the blood from the bones, kidneys, and intestines, resulting in high blood calcium, a condition called hypercalcemia.
Exploring the Connection to Weight Gain
Hyperparathyroidism can potentially contribute to weight gain through several interconnected mechanisms. One factor is the fatigue often experienced by individuals with elevated calcium levels. This persistent tiredness can reduce a person’s motivation and capacity for physical activity, leading to a more sedentary lifestyle.
Reduced physical exertion results in fewer calories burned throughout the day. Over time, this decrease in energy expenditure, combined with consistent caloric intake, can lead to an accumulation of body fat and an increase in body weight. The body’s metabolic rate might also be altered, slowing calorie processing.
Fluid retention is another contributor to weight changes in hyperparathyroidism. Imbalances in electrolytes can lead to excess water retention. This can manifest as bloating and increased weight, even without fat gain.
Some research also suggests a potential link between calcium dysregulation and insulin sensitivity. Altered calcium levels might contribute to insulin resistance, where the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin. This can impact how the body stores fat and processes glucose, influencing weight regulation.
Recognizing Other Symptoms
While weight gain is a potential symptom, hyperparathyroidism often presents with other effects on the body. Many individuals experience bone pain as calcium is leached from bones. High levels of calcium in the blood can also lead to kidney stones, causing pain and impairing kidney function.
Muscle weakness and joint pain are common symptoms. Neurological and psychological symptoms can include fatigue, depression, irritability, and concentration or memory problems. Frequent urination and increased thirst are common as kidneys excrete excess calcium.
Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches
Diagnosing hyperparathyroidism begins with blood tests to measure calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Elevated levels of both calcium and PTH indicate hyperparathyroidism. Further tests may include checking vitamin D levels, as vitamin D deficiency can influence calcium metabolism, and assessing kidney function.
Once blood tests confirm the diagnosis, imaging studies like a sestamibi scan or ultrasound of the neck may be used to locate the overactive parathyroid gland(s). These imaging techniques help surgeons pinpoint the affected gland for successful treatment.
The effective treatment for symptomatic hyperparathyroidism is surgical removal of the overactive gland(s), a procedure known as parathyroidectomy. This surgery resolves the elevated calcium and PTH levels. For individuals with mild hyperparathyroidism, a watchful waiting approach may be adopted, with regular monitoring of calcium levels.
Medical management options, such as calcimimetics, are used for patients not suitable for surgery or with specific forms of the condition. Calcimimetics work by mimicking calcium in the body, reducing PTH release from the parathyroid glands. They can lower calcium levels but do not cure the underlying problem.
Does Treatment Affect Weight?
Treating hyperparathyroidism, particularly through parathyroidectomy, can impact body weight for many individuals. An outcome of successful treatment is a reduction in fatigue experienced before surgery. Patients report increased energy levels after the procedure.
This renewed energy can lead to an increase in physical activity and more active lifestyles. As individuals become more active, they burn more calories, contributing to weight loss or healthier weight maintenance. The resolution of other symptoms, such as muscle weakness, supports mobility and exercise.
While weight loss is not a guaranteed outcome for every patient, many experience an overall improvement in well-being, including weight normalization. This improvement stems from the body’s calcium and metabolic functions returning to balance. The reversal of symptoms like fluid retention can contribute to reduced body mass.
Citations:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7323145/