Hyperparathyroidism can significantly impact an individual’s well-being, and a common question concerns its potential connection to mental health, specifically anxiety. This condition involves small glands in the neck that regulate calcium, and an imbalance can lead to various physical and emotional symptoms. Understanding the nature of hyperparathyroidism and its systemic effects helps clarify how it might contribute to feelings of anxiety.
Understanding Hyperparathyroidism
The parathyroid glands, typically four in number and each about the size of a pea, are located in the neck, usually behind the thyroid gland. These glands play an important role in maintaining the body’s calcium and phosphorus balance by producing parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH helps regulate calcium levels in the blood, bones, and kidneys.
In hyperparathyroidism, one or more of these glands become overactive and produce an excessive amount of PTH. This surplus of PTH then causes calcium levels in the blood to rise, a condition known as hypercalcemia.
The Link Between Hyperparathyroidism and Anxiety
Elevated calcium levels, a defining characteristic of hyperparathyroidism, can influence the brain and nervous system. Calcium is important for nerve function and the release of neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers in the brain. When calcium levels are too high, these processes can be disrupted. This imbalance can lead to a range of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including anxiety.
Anxiety is a recognized symptom of hyperparathyroidism. This can manifest as generalized anxiety, increased nervousness, irritability, or even panic attacks. The chronic nature of hyperparathyroidism and its associated physical discomforts can also contribute to heightened stress and anxiety.
Recognizing Symptoms and Seeking Diagnosis
Hyperparathyroidism can present with a variety of symptoms, some of which are vague and can be mistaken for other conditions. Besides anxiety, common symptoms include:
Fatigue
Bone pain
Muscle weakness
Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Kidney stones
Constipation
Depression
Difficulties with concentration or memory
Diagnosis primarily involves blood tests to measure calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and sometimes vitamin D levels. High calcium and elevated or inappropriately normal PTH levels are indicators of primary hyperparathyroidism. A healthcare provider will consider the overall clinical picture and may conduct additional tests, such as a 24-hour urine collection, to confirm the diagnosis and assess kidney function.
Treatment and Symptom Resolution
The primary treatment for hyperparathyroidism is surgical removal of the overactive parathyroid gland or glands, a procedure known as parathyroidectomy. This surgery is often effective in normalizing calcium levels in the blood. For many patients, the resolution of anxiety symptoms is an important outcome following successful treatment.
Anxiety and other neuropsychiatric symptoms often improve or completely resolve once calcium levels return to a healthy range after surgery. While improvement occurs, it may take some time for the brain and nervous system to fully recover and for anxiety symptoms to diminish. Patients are usually monitored post-surgery to ensure calcium levels remain stable.