Hummingbirds are a source of fascination, frequently visiting backyards and nectar feeders. Concerns about their health, especially regarding widespread avian influenza, are natural. This article provides practical information on how this viral disease might affect hummingbirds and measures to support their well-being.
Hummingbirds and Avian Influenza
Hummingbirds are generally less susceptible to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) compared to other bird species. Avian influenza is a viral disease, with the H5N1 strain being a significant concern in recent outbreaks. While HPAI often causes severe illness and mortality in waterfowl and poultry, reports of the virus in hummingbirds are rare.
The virus spreads through animal secretions and feces. Hummingbirds’ feeding habits, consuming nectar and small insects, result in less direct contact with primary virus carriers like waterfowl. This lifestyle difference contributes to lower observed infection rates and less widespread impact on hummingbird populations compared to other avian groups.
Identifying Signs of Illness and Taking Action
Observing changes in a hummingbird’s behavior can indicate illness, which may or may not be related to avian influenza. Signs to watch for include unusual lethargy, prolonged hovering, or extended periods perched and inactive. A sick hummingbird might also exhibit difficulty flying, visible tremors, or an unusual posture. Other signs include discharge from the eyes or mouth, matted or sticky feathers, or a lack of interest in feeding. These symptoms are not exclusive to bird flu and can signal various health issues, such as fungal infections from unclean feeders or bacterial diseases.
If a sick or deceased hummingbird is encountered, avoid direct handling. Instead, contact local wildlife rehabilitation centers, animal control, or state wildlife agencies for guidance. If advised to transport, gently place the bird in a small, dark, quiet box to minimize stress. Do not attempt to force-feed unless specifically instructed by a wildlife professional, as this can cause further harm. Avoiding direct contact protects both the individual and the bird, reducing potential disease transmission and additional stress to the animal.
Safe Practices for Hummingbird Feeders and Gardens
Maintaining clean hummingbird feeders supports the health of these birds and reduces potential disease transmission. Regular cleaning prevents the buildup of mold and bacteria, which can cause illness. During hot weather, feeders should be cleaned daily or every two to three days; in cooler temperatures, twice weekly or weekly may suffice. Clean feeders immediately if the solution appears cloudy, mold is visible, or dead insects are present.
To clean a feeder, disassemble all parts and scrub thoroughly with hot water and a brush. A mild, unscented dish soap can be used, or a solution of one part white vinegar to two to four parts water, or one part bleach to nine or ten parts water, followed by thorough rinsing. After cleaning, rinse all components thoroughly with clean water and allow them to air dry completely before refilling. Discard any leftover nectar and never reuse it.
Nectar solution for feeders should be one part plain white granulated sugar mixed with four parts water until fully dissolved. Do not add red dye, honey, corn syrup, brown sugar, or artificial sweeteners, as these can be harmful to hummingbirds. Storing any extra sugar solution in the refrigerator can keep it fresh for up to one to two weeks. Placing feeders in shaded areas can also help slow the spoilage of the nectar. Supplementing feeders with native plants that provide natural nectar sources further supports hummingbird health and foraging diversity.