This article clarifies the relationship between Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and polyps, addressing whether HPV causes these growths. Understanding the differences is important for informed health decisions.
What Are Polyps?
Polyps are abnormal tissue growths that project from a mucous membrane, the moist lining found in various body parts. They are frequently found in areas such as the colon, uterus, nose, and vocal cords. While polyps vary in size and shape, they are typically small, often less than half an inch wide.
Most polyps are benign, meaning they are non-cancerous. However, some types, like adenomatous polyps in the colon, are considered pre-malignant and can develop into cancer if left untreated. The formation of polyps is generally attributed to abnormal cell growth, though often there is no clear cause.
Understanding HPV
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) refers to a group of over 100 related viruses. This common virus is primarily transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact, most often during sexual activity. It can also spread through non-sexual skin-to-skin contact or, rarely, from a pregnant person to their baby during delivery.
Many HPV infections do not cause any symptoms and are cleared by the body’s immune system within one to two years. However, certain types of HPV can cause abnormal tissue growths, commonly known as warts, or lead to various cancers. These growths or changes can appear weeks or months after exposure.
Connecting HPV and Polyps
While HPV causes abnormal tissue growths, these are generally distinct from what medical professionals commonly refer to as polyps. HPV is not a known cause of common polyps found in the colon, uterus, or nose. Uterine polyps, for instance, are often linked to factors like excess estrogen, obesity, or certain genetic conditions, and their exact cause is not fully understood.
Instead, HPV is directly responsible for growths like warts, which can appear in various locations. Low-risk HPV types, such as HPV 6 and 11, cause about 90% of genital warts, which can manifest as small bumps or cauliflower-like growths. High-risk HPV types, particularly HPV 16 and 18, are strongly associated with cancers of the cervix, anus, penis, vagina, vulva, and some head and neck cancers. While some studies have explored HPV DNA in nasal polyps and suggested a role in endocervical polyps, a causal link between HPV and common polyps like those in the colon is not supported by current evidence.
When to Consult a Doctor
Any new or unusual growth or persistent symptom warrants a medical evaluation. Consult a healthcare professional to determine the nature and cause of such growths. This applies whether you suspect an HPV-related issue, a polyp, or any other type of abnormal tissue.
If a growth changes in size, shape, or color, or if it becomes painful, itchy, bleeds, or does not heal, prompt medical attention is important. A doctor can perform a physical examination and recommend further diagnostic tests, such as a biopsy, to accurately identify the growth and determine the appropriate course of action.