Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common viral infection, with over 100 types identified, and more than 40 types capable of spreading through sexual contact. Most people infected with HPV show no symptoms and are unaware they have it. The question for many expecting parents is whether this virus can be transmitted from a pregnant individual to their baby. While it is possible for HPV to pass to an infant, this occurrence is relatively uncommon.
How HPV Can Pass to a Baby
The primary method by which HPV can be passed from a pregnant individual to their baby is during vaginal birth. As the infant moves through the birth canal, they can come into direct contact with virus-infected cells, particularly if genital warts are present on the cervix or vagina.
Transmission of HPV during pregnancy, while the baby is still in the uterus, is less frequent but possible. This “in utero” transmission can occur through the placenta, though this route is rare. Even if a birthing parent has HPV, transmission to the baby is not guaranteed.
Potential Effects on the Baby
When an infant does acquire HPV during birth, the most significant concern is the development of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP). This condition involves the growth of noncancerous tumors, or papillomas, within the airway, most commonly in the larynx or voice box. Symptoms of RRP can include hoarseness, a weak cry, or in more severe cases, breathing difficulties such as noisy breathing or stridor, due to airway obstruction.
While RRP is the primary concern, other manifestations in infants are rare. These might include the appearance of genital warts on the infant, but this is less common than respiratory involvement. The papillomas are non-cancerous. The persistence of the virus in some infected newborns during their early years can increase the risk of developing these related diseases.
Reducing the Risk of Transmission
Open communication with healthcare providers and regular prenatal care are essential for discussing any concerns about HPV and monitoring individual circumstances. The HPV vaccine, such as Gardasil, is administered before pregnancy to prevent HPV infections, protecting against types that could lead to transmission in future pregnancies.
The decision regarding delivery method, such as a Cesarean section (C-section), is a complex one. While a C-section might be considered in cases of extensive genital warts that could obstruct the birth canal or cause significant bleeding, it is not routinely recommended solely to prevent HPV transmission to the baby. Vaginal birth offers its own benefits. Any decision about the delivery method should be made in consultation with a doctor, weighing the individual risks and benefits.