Seizures are sudden, uncontrolled disturbances in the brain’s electrical activity. They occur when there is an abnormal, synchronized burst of electrical signals, temporarily disrupting normal brain function. These events can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, or consciousness, depending on the affected brain area.
The Connection Between Heat and Seizures
Hot weather can act as a trigger for seizure activity, particularly in susceptible individuals. Extreme heat places physiological stress on the body, which can influence brain function. Factors associated with high temperatures are recognized as potential triggers. A survey indicated that 62% of people with uncontrolled seizures experience an increase in activity during unusually hot weather.
How Heat Influences Brain Activity
Heat influences brain activity through several physiological changes. Dehydration is a significant factor, as fluid loss from sweating can disrupt the balance of electrolytes in the body. Electrolytes are crucial for carrying electrical signals between nerve cells. When these levels are out of balance, electrical signaling in the brain can be disrupted, making brain cells more excitable and increasing seizure likelihood.
Hyperthermia, or an elevated core body temperature, also impacts neuronal excitability. Brain cells are sensitive to temperature changes; temperatures above 100.4°F (38°C) can cause them to fire synchronously, characteristic of a seizure. Additionally, excessive sweating can lead to more rapid processing of anti-epilepsy medications, potentially reducing their effectiveness. These combined effects can lower the seizure threshold.
Who is Most Susceptible?
Certain groups are more vulnerable to heat-triggered seizures. Individuals diagnosed with epilepsy often find that heat is a known trigger, with many reporting increased seizure frequency during warm weather. This sensitivity can be particularly pronounced in some genetic forms of epilepsy, such as Dravet syndrome, where brain cells may be inherently more sensitive to temperature.
People taking specific medications may also face increased risk, as some drugs can interfere with the body’s ability to regulate temperature or affect fluid balance. For instance, diuretics can lead to increased fluid loss, contributing to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Children and the elderly are also more susceptible to heat stress and dehydration. Their bodies may not regulate temperature as efficiently, and young children might not communicate thirst effectively, while older adults may have a reduced sense of thirst. Underlying medical conditions that impair thermoregulation, such as neurological disorders or diabetes, can further elevate this risk.
Strategies for Prevention and Safety
Mitigating the risk of heat-related seizures involves proactive measures. Staying well-hydrated is a primary strategy; consistently drinking water throughout the day, even before feeling thirsty, helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. Avoiding the hottest parts of the day, typically midday, and planning outdoor activities for cooler morning or evening hours can reduce heat exposure. Wearing light-colored, loose-fitting clothing also helps keep the body cool.
Using cooling methods, such as air conditioning, fans, cool baths or showers, and applying wet compresses, can help lower body temperature. For those with epilepsy, adhering to prescribed medication schedules is important, as some anti-epilepsy drugs can be affected by high temperatures. Recognizing signs of heat exhaustion, such as dizziness, nausea, headache, excessive sweating, and a high temperature, is important for early intervention. If someone experiences heatstroke symptoms, including confusion, a very high body temperature (above 104°F or 40°C), or loss of consciousness, seek immediate medical attention. If a seizure occurs in the heat, move the person to a cooler place, loosen any tight clothing, and gently turn them onto their side.