Hornets are a type of social wasp, belonging to the Hymenoptera order, which also includes bees and ants. They are larger than many other wasps, measuring around an inch in length, and identified by distinctive yellow or white stripes on brownish-red and black bodies. Hornets construct nests in various locations, including near human dwellings or decayed trees.
Understanding Hornet Stings
Hornets possess a smooth stinger, differentiating them from honey bees. Unlike honey bees, which have barbed stingers that remain embedded in the victim’s skin, killing the bee, a hornet’s smooth stinger allows it to be retracted after stinging. This design enables a single hornet to sting multiple times without harming itself. The hornet injects venom into the target.
Hornet venom is a complex mixture containing compounds like acetylcholine, histamine, proteins, and peptides. Acetylcholine contributes to the pain sensation by stimulating pain receptors, and hornets have high levels of this compound. Histamine can also trigger allergic reactions, causing itching and inflammation. The precise composition of hornet venom can vary by species, leading to different reactions and pain levels.
Why Hornets Sting
Hornets primarily sting defensively, in response to perceived threats to their nest or themselves. As social insects, they protect their colony, and disturbances near nests can provoke a defensive reaction. While hornets are not inherently aggressive and engage in daily tasks like foraging, they will defend their territory vigorously if they feel endangered.
Sudden movements or vibrations close to a hornet’s nest can be interpreted as a threat, prompting them to sting. If a hornet perceives a threat, it may release alarm pheromones, signaling others to join the defense, potentially leading to multiple stings. This defensive behavior ensures the colony’s survival.
Responding to a Hornet Sting
If stung by a hornet, immediate action helps manage the reaction. First, remain calm and move away from the area to avoid further stings. Clean the sting site with soap and water to prevent infection. Applying a cold compress (e.g., an ice pack) to the affected area helps reduce pain and swelling.
Over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen) can alleviate discomfort, and antihistamines may help with itching and swelling. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience signs of a severe allergic reaction, such as difficulty breathing, swelling beyond the sting site (e.g., mouth or throat), hives across the body, dizziness, or a rapid heartbeat. Individuals with known allergies to insect stings should carry an epinephrine auto-injector and use it as prescribed.