Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness that typically affects young children, but it can also occur in adults. This article addresses concerns about HFMD during pregnancy and its potential effects on both the expectant mother and the developing baby.
Understanding Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Pregnancy
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease is caused by viruses from the enterovirus family, primarily Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71. It spreads through respiratory droplets, direct contact with blister fluid, or the fecal-oral route. The virus can remain in feces for several weeks after symptoms resolve.
Symptoms typically appear three to six days after exposure. Adults, including pregnant individuals, may have mild or no symptoms, though they can sometimes be more severe than in children. Common symptoms include fever, a sore throat, and a general feeling of being unwell.
Characteristic painful mouth sores appear as blisters on the tongue, gums, or inside the cheeks. A rash of spots or blisters may develop on the palms, soles, and sometimes on the buttocks, elbows, knees, or genital areas. This rash can vary in color. Individuals are most contagious during the first week of illness, though viral shedding can continue for an extended period.
Potential Effects on the Fetus and Newborn
For pregnant individuals, the risk of serious complications from Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease for the fetus is generally low. Most infections lead to mild or no maternal illness, and there is no clear evidence HFMD directly causes adverse pregnancy outcomes like miscarriage or birth defects. While some research suggests a minor increased risk of miscarriage or stillbirth, as with any infection during pregnancy, the overall evidence indicates a low risk of severe outcomes specifically from HFMD.
The primary concern regarding HFMD during pregnancy involves potential virus transmission to the newborn around birth. Newborns of mothers with symptoms near delivery are more likely to be infected. Typically, infected newborns experience mild symptoms, such as fever and a rash.
In very rare instances, newborns might develop severe illness, including overwhelming infection affecting multiple organs. This severe form is exceptionally uncommon and carries a higher risk during the first two weeks of life. Viral meningitis (inflammation of brain and spinal cord membranes) or encephalitis (brain swelling) are rare HFMD complications in the general population, and even less common in pregnant individuals and their newborns.
Guidance for Pregnant Individuals
Good hygiene is important for pregnant individuals to prevent Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease. Frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water is recommended, particularly after changing diapers, using the toilet, and before preparing or eating food. Avoiding close contact (kissing, hugging) with infected individuals and not sharing eating utensils or cups can also reduce transmission risk. Regularly cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces and toys is advisable. Avoiding touching eyes, nose, and mouth can prevent virus entry.
If a pregnant individual suspects exposure to HFMD or develops symptoms, consulting a healthcare provider is important. Consult a healthcare provider, especially if symptoms include high fever, difficulty swallowing, or signs of dehydration. There is no specific antiviral treatment for HFMD, so management focuses on supportive care to alleviate symptoms.
Supportive care typically involves acetaminophen for fever and pain relief, which is safe during pregnancy. Maintaining adequate hydration is also important, especially if painful mouth sores make eating or drinking difficult. Consuming cold liquids, popsicles, and soft foods can help ease oral discomfort. Avoid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) during the third trimester due to potential fetal complications. Most individuals recover completely within seven to ten days without significant complications.