Hairspray is a common cosmetic product used by millions, but its frequent use has led to public concern about potential long-term health risks, particularly cancer. Modern hairspray formulations are complex mixtures of polymers, solvents, and propellants, designed to create a fine mist that sets the hair. Because these products are aerosolized and used routinely, questions arise about whether inhaling the mist or absorbing chemicals through the scalp poses a danger. This article examines the current scientific understanding of the relationship between hairspray use and cancer risk.
The Direct Answer: Scientific Consensus on Hairspray and Cancer
Large-scale epidemiological studies generally do not show a strong, direct link between typical personal hairspray use and an increased risk of common cancers, such as breast or lung cancer. The consensus among health organizations is that the overall product, when used occasionally and as directed by the general public, carries a low risk.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of the World Health Organization (WHO), has evaluated some chemical exposures associated with hair care. While IARC classified the occupational exposure of hairdressers and barbers as “probably carcinogenic to humans” (Group 2A), this classification relates primarily to chronic, high-level exposure to multiple chemicals, including hair dyes and solvents, not just hairspray. Personal, occasional use of hairspray does not equate to the continuous, daily occupational exposure experienced by professional stylists.
Key Ingredients Under Scrutiny
The concern about hairspray’s safety stems from several chemical components present in the formulations. A significant group of these are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), which include solvents like ethanol, isobutane, and propane, used to dissolve polymers and create the spray. These compounds are easily vaporized at room temperature, which is why they are readily inhaled during application.
Some hairsprays have historically contained or can release chemicals that are flagged by international health bodies. Formaldehyde, classified by IARC as “carcinogenic to humans” (Group 1), can be released by certain preservatives found in some hair products. Phthalates, which are plasticizers sometimes used in fragrances or as film-formers, are concerning because they are known endocrine disruptors.
Ingredients like benzene, a known human carcinogen, and methylene chloride, known to cause cancer in animals, have also been found in some personal care products, including aerosol sprays. The presence of these individual chemicals, especially when exposure is chronic and high, drives the scientific scrutiny of the product category. Many manufacturers are now removing these substances or using less hazardous alternatives.
Understanding Exposure Pathways
Chemicals from hairspray enter the body primarily through two routes: inhalation and dermal absorption. Inhalation is generally considered the most significant pathway for aerosol products like hairspray, due to the mist being sprayed directly toward the head and face. The fine particles and gaseous VOCs are breathed into the lungs, where they can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
The total effective dose an individual receives is strongly influenced by the frequency of use and the environment in which the product is applied. Using hairspray in a small, unventilated bathroom allows the chemical concentrations to build up, increasing the amount of time the user is exposed to high levels of VOCs. Dermal absorption also occurs when the product settles on the skin and scalp. The chemicals can pass through the skin barrier and enter the systemic circulation.
Strategies for Reducing Exposure and Risk
Consumers concerned about chemical exposure can take several practical steps to minimize their risk while still using hairspray. The most effective strategy is to ensure good air circulation by using the product in a well-ventilated area, such as near an open window or with an exhaust fan running. This practice significantly reduces the concentration of aerosolized particles and VOCs in the breathing zone.
Another actionable step is to switch from aerosol cans to pump-spray products. Pump sprays do not release propellants and produce a less diffuse, larger droplet that is less likely to be deeply inhaled. Reading product labels is also important; consumers can actively seek out formulas that are labeled “VOC-free,” “phthalate-free,” or “paraben-free” to avoid ingredients with known health concerns.