Gum recession occurs when the gum tissue pulls away from the teeth, exposing the root surfaces. This can make teeth appear longer and lead to increased sensitivity. While gum tissue does not naturally regenerate once lost, various treatments can effectively address receding gums and restore gum health. Understanding the causes and available interventions is important for maintaining oral health and preventing further damage.
The Biological Reality of Gum Regeneration
Gum tissue, or gingiva, is composed of specialized epithelial and connective tissues that attach to the teeth and underlying bone. The gingiva does not have the ability to regenerate once lost or damaged. This limitation stems from the specific cellular makeup and repair mechanisms within the gum tissue.
When gum tissue is lost, the body forms scar tissue rather than functional gum tissue. This scar tissue lacks the complex structure and specialized cells necessary for reattaching to the tooth root. The absence of specific stem cells capable of complete regeneration in this area contributes to this biological reality.
Common Causes of Gum Recession
Gum recession can result from several factors. Periodontal disease is a primary contributor, a bacterial infection leading to inflammation and destruction of gum tissue and supporting bone. If untreated, this causes gums to pull away, forming pockets where bacteria accumulate.
Aggressive toothbrushing with a hard-bristled toothbrush can wear away gum tissue and tooth enamel. Genetic predisposition also plays a role, as some individuals naturally have thinner gum tissue or are more susceptible to gum disease. Tobacco use increases the risk of gum disease and recession.
Misaligned teeth or an improper bite can stress gums and supporting bone, leading to recession. Inadequate dental hygiene allows plaque to harden into tartar, a rough substance that irritates the gums, causing them to recede. Hormonal changes, particularly in women during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, can increase gum sensitivity and susceptibility to inflammation. Teeth grinding or clenching, known as bruxism, can exert excessive force, leading to tissue wear and recession.
Medical Interventions for Receding Gums
While gum tissue does not regrow, dental professionals offer various interventions to manage existing recession and restore lost gum tissue. Non-surgical approaches are often the initial step, particularly for less severe cases or to halt progression. Scaling and root planing, a deep cleaning procedure, involves removing plaque and tartar from above and below the gum line and smoothing the tooth roots to encourage gum reattachment. Topical antibiotics or antimicrobial mouth rinses may also be prescribed to control bacterial infections contributing to gum disease.
For more significant recession, surgical options, primarily gum grafting procedures, are performed by a periodontist, a gum specialist. These procedures aim to cover exposed tooth roots, reduce sensitivity, improve aesthetics, and prevent further bone loss. Connective tissue grafts are the most common type, where a small piece of connective tissue is taken from beneath a flap on the roof of the mouth and stitched to the area of recession. This method reinforces the gum tissue and promotes a natural-looking gum line.
Another technique, the free gingival graft, involves taking a small amount of tissue directly from the roof of the mouth and attaching it to the receded area. This is often used when the gums are thin and require additional tissue volume. Pedicle grafts involve moving gum tissue from an area adjacent to the receded tooth, keeping one edge attached to maintain its blood supply, and pulling it over the exposed root. This method is successful when there is sufficient healthy gum tissue nearby. After these grafting procedures, the new tissue integrates with the existing gums, providing protection and improving oral health.
Preventing Gum Recession
Preventing gum recession involves maintaining consistent and proper oral hygiene practices. Brushing teeth twice daily with a soft-bristled toothbrush is fundamental. The correct technique involves holding the toothbrush at a 45-degree angle to the gum line and using gentle, circular motions, rather than aggressive scrubbing, to clean effectively without causing damage.
Daily flossing is important to remove plaque and food particles from between teeth and beneath the gum line, areas a toothbrush cannot easily reach. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings, typically every six months, are also important for early detection and removal of hardened plaque (tartar) that contributes to gum disease. Addressing teeth grinding or clenching, potentially with a nightguard, can help alleviate pressure on the gums. Avoiding tobacco products is crucial, as they significantly increase the risk of gum disease and recession. Maintaining a balanced diet also supports overall gum health.