Gabapentin is a medication primarily used as an anticonvulsant and for neuropathic pain. Despite its legitimate medical applications, its potential for recreational misuse has raised concerns. This article explores its intended effects and the risks associated with non-prescribed use.
Understanding Gabapentin’s Therapeutic Effects
Gabapentin, structurally similar to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), works by modulating nerve activity in the brain. It primarily binds to an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels in the central nervous system. This binding is thought to reduce the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, thereby calming overactive nerve signals.
The therapeutic effects of gabapentin include reducing the frequency of partial seizures in individuals with epilepsy and alleviating nerve pain, such as postherpetic neuralgia which develops after shingles. It is also approved for treating moderate-to-severe restless legs syndrome. These beneficial effects are typically achieved when the medication is taken at prescribed dosages under medical supervision.
The Potential for Recreational Misuse
While not traditionally classified with substances like opioids or benzodiazepines, gabapentin can produce psychoactive effects when taken in high doses or without a prescription. Individuals report experiencing euphoria, a sense of calm, or altered perception, sometimes described as a marijuana-like buzz. This potential for a “high” has led to increased misuse, particularly among those seeking to self-medicate anxiety, enhance the effects of other substances, or as a readily available alternative to illicit drugs.
Misuse is observed in diverse populations, including those with a history of substance use disorders. Reports indicate that the drug’s effects can vary significantly based on the user, dosage, and individual expectations. Some individuals may seek a sedating or disassociative experience, while others describe improved sociability.
Methods of Misuse and Associated Effects
Misuse of gabapentin often involves taking higher doses than prescribed or more frequently than recommended. Some individuals may crush and snort the pills to achieve a faster onset of effects, or chew them. A significant concern is the combination of gabapentin with other central nervous system depressants, such as opioids, benzodiazepines, or alcohol, to enhance its effects. This practice, known as polysubstance use, is dangerous.
The “high” experienced can vary widely depending on the dosage, an individual’s physiology, and whether other substances are used concurrently. Tolerance can develop with repeated misuse, leading individuals to escalate their doses to achieve the desired effects. This escalation further increases the risks associated with the drug.
Risks and Dangers of Misusing Gabapentin
Recreational gabapentin use carries health and safety risks. Common adverse effects include dizziness, drowsiness, impaired coordination, and blurred or double vision. Misuse can also lead to memory problems and slurred speech.
A significant danger, especially when combined with other central nervous system depressants like opioids, is respiratory depression, which can be life-threatening. Overdose can result in profound fatigue, lethargy, coma, and death. Physical dependence can develop, and abrupt cessation can trigger withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, nausea, pain, and even seizures. While gabapentin is not federally classified as a controlled substance, several states have scheduled it as a Schedule V controlled substance due to concerns about misuse and diversion.