Foxes can be black. These striking animals, often referred to as “silver foxes,” are a captivating variation within the fox family. Their dark coats and unique appearance have long fascinated people, leading to their prominent place in folklore and the history of the fur trade.
The Science Behind Their Color
Black coloration in foxes is a result of a genetic phenomenon known as melanism. Melanism involves an increased development of dark pigment, specifically eumelanin, in the fur or skin of an animal. In foxes, this dark coat is not indicative of a separate species, but rather a color variation of the common red fox, Vulpes vulpes.
The genetic basis for melanism in red foxes is primarily linked to a recessive gene. For a fox to display the black or “silver” coloration, it must inherit two copies of this recessive allele, one from each parent. If a fox inherits only one copy, it will typically exhibit the standard red coloration but will still carry the melanistic gene, capable of passing it on to future generations. This genetic inheritance pattern means that even two red foxes carrying the recessive gene can produce black-coated offspring. Specifically, a mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene is a primary driver for the black coat, as this gene controls the type and amount of pigment produced.
Common Misconceptions and Naming
A common misunderstanding is that black foxes are a distinct species. However, they are simply a color morph of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Their coloration can range from glossy black to bluish-grey or even a cinereous color on their sides. They are frequently called “silver foxes” due to the presence of silver-tipped guard hairs scattered throughout their dark fur. These longer, outer hairs, which can extend several centimeters beyond the underfur, create a lustrous, silvery appearance, particularly noticeable in certain lighting.
The unique fur of silver foxes contributed significantly to their historical importance in the fur trade. Their pelts were highly valued and sought after, especially by nobility in Russia, Western Europe, and China. The demand for their striking fur led to the establishment of fur farms, particularly in North America, where selective breeding efforts further refined their distinct black and silver coats. This historical context solidified the “silver fox” moniker, distinguishing them within the fur industry.
Where They Are Found
Silver foxes inhabit the same geographical regions as red foxes, including North America, Europe, and Asia. Their adaptability allows them to thrive in diverse environments, from woodlands and mountains to urban areas. This wide distribution is partly due to the red fox being one of the most widespread terrestrial carnivores globally.
While present in many areas, silver foxes are generally less common than the typical red morph, representing approximately 10% of the red fox population in some regions. In places like northwestern North America, they can constitute a noticeable portion of the fox population. Despite their relative rarity, they are not considered endangered. Their habitat preferences largely mirror those of other red fox colorations, using dens for rearing young and relying on a varied diet of small animals and plant matter.