Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop in the wall of the uterus. These growths vary significantly in size, from microscopic to as large as a melon. Constipation refers to infrequent or difficult bowel movements. A connection exists between uterine fibroids and constipation, often depending on the fibroids’ characteristics and their interaction with surrounding organs.
How Fibroids Can Cause Constipation
The primary way uterine fibroids can lead to constipation is through physical pressure on nearby organs. The uterus is located in the pelvic cavity, near the rectum and large intestine. When fibroids grow, especially large ones or those located on the back of the uterus (posterior fibroids), they can press against these bowel structures. This external compression can obstruct stool passage, making bowel movements difficult and infrequent.
The size, number, and location of fibroids significantly influence whether they cause constipation. Larger fibroids are more likely to exert enough pressure to impede bowel function. Subserosal fibroids, which grow on the outer surface of the uterus, or pedunculated fibroids, which grow on a stalk, can expand into the pelvic cavity and directly press on the rectum or colon. This mechanical interference can slow waste movement through the digestive tract.
Beyond direct pressure, fibroids can sometimes indirectly contribute to constipation. If fibroids cause significant pelvic pain or discomfort, an individual might subconsciously avoid or delay bowel movements, exacerbating constipation. Additionally, some women with fibroids who experience heavy menstrual bleeding may take iron supplements, a known cause of constipation.
Other Common Symptoms of Fibroids
While constipation can be a symptom, fibroids often present with other common indicators. Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding is a common symptom, sometimes leading to anemia due to blood loss. Many individuals also experience pelvic pain or pressure, manifesting as fullness or discomfort in the lower abdomen.
Fibroids can also affect the urinary system, causing frequent urination or difficulty emptying the bladder. This happens when fibroids near the front of the uterus press against the bladder. Other symptoms include backache or leg pain, especially if fibroids press on pelvic nerves. Discomfort during sexual intercourse can also occur, depending on fibroid location or size.
The presence of fibroids can also lead to abdominal swelling, enlarging the abdomen. Not all fibroids cause symptoms; many are small and go unnoticed. When symptoms occur, they can significantly impact daily life.
Diagnosis and Management
If constipation or other symptoms suggest uterine fibroids, consulting a healthcare professional is important. A doctor can conduct a pelvic exam, revealing a firm or irregular uterus. Imaging tests are then used to confirm the diagnosis and determine the size, number, and location of fibroids.
Ultrasound is a common and effective imaging method for diagnosing fibroids, providing a clear picture of the uterus and ovaries. In some cases, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan may be used for more detailed imaging. Once diagnosed, management can be tailored.
For managing fibroid-related constipation, lifestyle adjustments include increasing dietary fiber intake, adequate hydration, and regular physical activity. These measures promote regular bowel movements. For fibroids themselves, treatment options range from medications to shrink fibroids or manage symptoms, to minimally invasive procedures, or surgical removal. Treatment choice depends on symptom severity, fibroid characteristics, and individual considerations, emphasizing medical advice.