Uterine fibroids are common, non-cancerous growths that develop in or around the uterus. These growths are made of muscle and fibrous tissue, and they vary significantly in size, from microscopic to as large as a melon. While many individuals with fibroids experience no symptoms, these growths can indeed contribute to abdominal bloating.
How Fibroids Cause Bloating
Fibroids can lead to abdominal bloating due to their physical presence. Large fibroids occupy space within the abdomen, visibly distending the area. This can make an individual feel constantly full or as though they have gained weight.
Fibroids can also exert pressure on nearby organs, particularly the intestines. This pressure can disrupt normal digestion, leading to slowed digestion, gas buildup, and constipation. This contributes to abdominal fullness and bloating.
Some fibroids may also impact fluid balance. They can influence hormonal levels or blood flow, leading to fluid retention that exacerbates abdominal swelling and discomfort.
Fibroids can also cause localized inflammation in the pelvic region. This can contribute to abdominal discomfort and intensify bloating.
Other Signs of Fibroids
While bloating is common, fibroids often present with other symptoms. Heavy menstrual bleeding is a frequently reported symptom, involving heavy blood flow, prolonged periods over seven days, or bleeding between cycles. Such bleeding can lead to anemia, causing fatigue and weakness.
Individuals with fibroids may also experience pelvic pressure or pain, such as fullness in the lower abdomen. Fibroids can press on the bladder, leading to frequent urination or difficulty emptying it. Pressure on the rectum can cause constipation or a sensation of incomplete bowel emptying. Pain during intercourse or discomfort in the lower back and legs may also occur.
When to Talk to a Doctor
If you experience persistent abdominal bloating, menstrual cycle changes, or other concerning symptoms, consult a healthcare provider. These symptoms, while often associated with fibroids, can indicate other health conditions. Seeking medical advice ensures accurate diagnosis and appropriate care.
A doctor’s visit typically involves a review of your medical history and a physical exam, including a pelvic exam. Imaging tests like ultrasound are commonly used to confirm fibroids. MRI or other specialized imaging can also provide detailed views. Blood tests may be conducted, particularly if heavy bleeding is present, to check for anemia.
Treatment Approaches for Fibroids
Treatment for fibroids varies depending on symptom severity, size, location, and desire for future pregnancy. For mild or no symptoms, watchful waiting may be recommended, involving monitoring fibroids without immediate intervention. This approach is suitable because fibroids are non-cancerous and may shrink after menopause.
Medications can help manage fibroid symptoms. Hormonal therapies, such as birth control pills or progestin-releasing IUDs, can reduce heavy bleeding and pain. GnRH agonists can temporarily shrink fibroids by reducing estrogen and progesterone levels. NSAIDs can alleviate pain, and tranexamic acid can reduce heavy bleeding.
Minimally invasive procedures address fibroids with less recovery than traditional surgery. Uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) blocks blood supply to fibroids, causing them to shrink. Other procedures like radiofrequency ablation use heat to reduce fibroid tissue. Hysteroscopic myomectomy can remove fibroids inside the uterine cavity.
Surgical options are considered when other treatments are ineffective or for larger fibroids. Myomectomy removes fibroids while preserving the uterus, preferred by those wishing to maintain fertility. Hysterectomy, the complete removal of the uterus, is a permanent solution for fibroids, considered when other treatments fail or future pregnancy is not desired.