Arterial calcification is a condition where calcium deposits accumulate within the walls of the arteries, often occurring alongside the progression of atherosclerosis. This process causes blood vessels to stiffen and harden, restricting blood flow and increasing the risk for major cardiovascular events. The extent of these deposits is a significant marker for the risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). This article investigates whether exercise can influence, reduce, or stabilize these calcium deposits.
Understanding Arterial Calcification
The buildup of plaque involves two forms: soft plaque and calcified plaque. Calcified plaque has hardened due to calcium deposits, making it a more stable structure. The severity of this condition is measured using the Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) score, obtained through a specialized Computed Tomography (CT) scan. A higher CAC score indicates greater calcification and is a strong predictor of future heart attack risk. Factors accelerating calcification include age, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, and systemic inflammation.
How Exercise Affects Vascular Structure
Exercise does not appear to dissolve established calcium deposits. Its primary benefit is stabilizing existing plaque and preventing new deposits. This stabilization makes the plaque less likely to rupture, which is the immediate cause of most heart attacks.
Exercise improves the health of the blood vessel lining (endothelium) by increasing blood flow and shear stress on the arterial walls. This mechanical force stimulates nitric oxide production, a potent vasodilator that keeps arteries flexible and open. Regular physical activity reduces the chronic systemic inflammation that drives atherosclerosis. Contracting muscles release signaling molecules called myokines, which further contribute to anti-inflammatory properties. Some studies suggest that higher volumes of vigorous exercise may be associated with a greater progression of calcification, hypothesized to reflect accelerated plaque stabilization.
Practical Exercise Guidelines for Vascular Health
To gain protective benefits for vascular health, adults should aim to meet established physical activity guidelines. This includes accumulating at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week, or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity.
Aerobic and Strength Training
For additional cardiovascular benefits, muscle-strengthening activity should be incorporated on at least two days each week. This resistance training should work all major muscle groups. Consistency in a moderate-to-vigorous intensity range is generally considered more beneficial than sporadic, short bursts of high-intensity activity.
Safety Considerations
It is important to spread the activity evenly throughout the week to maintain continuous vascular benefits. Anyone with a known high CAC score or other significant cardiovascular risk factors should consult a physician before beginning any new or intense exercise regimen. An individualized exercise plan ensures that the physical activity is safe and appropriately tailored to their specific health status.