Endometriosis is a common condition characterized by the growth of tissue similar to the uterine lining outside the uterus. While it does not directly cause infections, its presence can increase infection risk. Understanding this connection is important for managing the condition, as it involves both the body’s immune responses and anatomical changes. This information can help individuals recognize potential complications and seek appropriate care.
The Connection Between Endometriosis and Infection
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition, not an infectious disease. While both can cause similar symptoms like pelvic pain, the connection is indirect. The inflammatory environment created by endometriosis makes the body more vulnerable to infections.
This continuous inflammation, triggered by endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, alters the local pelvic environment and can affect systemic functions. This makes the body’s natural defenses less effective at warding off microorganisms.
How Endometriosis Increases Infection Risk
The persistent inflammation caused by ectopic endometrial tissue compromises local immune responses, creating a less hostile environment for pathogens to establish infection.
Endometriosis can also lead to broader immune system dysfunction. Altered immune cell activity, including suppressed natural killer (NK) cell function, is common. This reduced effectiveness impairs the body’s ability to fight pathogens. Changes in other immune cells like macrophages, T, and B lymphocytes further reduce immune surveillance.
Endometriosis-related inflammation commonly causes structural changes and adhesions (scar tissue). These can bind organs like the bowel, bladder, or ureters, leading to impaired drainage or obstruction. Blockages create stagnant environments where bacteria multiply, increasing infection risk.
Surgical interventions for endometriosis carry an infection risk. Any invasive procedure, like laparoscopy, can introduce bacteria. Post-surgical infections, such as surgical site infections (SSI), wound infections, or bladder/uterine infections, are known complications. Patients with endometriosis may face a higher risk of SSI, particularly after adnexal surgery or prolonged procedures.
Common Infections to Be Aware Of
Individuals with endometriosis may be more susceptible to certain infections. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common, especially if endometrial implants or adhesions affect the bladder. These changes can impede bladder emptying, allowing bacteria to proliferate. Symptoms like frequent or painful urination warrant attention.
Bowel involvement in endometriosis can predispose individuals to infections. Adhesions or endometrial tissue on the intestines can lead to partial or complete bowel obstruction. This can result in severe abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, or nausea, potentially leading to serious bowel infections if unaddressed.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a concern, as individuals with endometriosis have a higher risk of severe forms. PID involves infection of the upper female reproductive tract, often from bacteria ascending from the vagina or cervix. The inflammatory environment of endometriosis may facilitate infection progression.
Post-surgical infections are a common concern following endometriosis procedures. These can range from superficial wound infections at incision sites to deeper infections within the abdominal or pelvic cavity. Prompt identification and treatment of any signs of infection after surgery are important for recovery.
Lower genital tract infections and vaginal microbiome alterations are also more common in individuals with endometriosis. Studies show higher counts of certain bacteria, like Escherichia coli, in the menstrual blood of those with endometriosis. These imbalances can contribute to a higher risk of vaginal infections.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Recognizing infection signs is important, as some symptoms overlap with typical endometriosis pain. A key indicator is sudden or significantly worsening pain that deviates from usual endometriosis patterns. This might include localized, sharp pain, or other signs of illness.
Red flags for immediate medical consultation include fever and chills. Other symptoms are foul-smelling vaginal discharge (gynecological infection) or painful urination (urinary tract infection). Persistent nausea or vomiting could indicate a gastrointestinal infection, especially with bowel involvement. Seek medical attention if these symptoms arise, as prompt diagnosis and treatment prevent complications.