Testicular pain is discomfort experienced in or around one or both testicles. This sensation may originate directly from the testicles or be referred pain from other areas, such as the abdomen or groin.
Understanding Ejaculation-Related Pain
Ejaculation, particularly when frequent or intense, can sometimes lead to temporary testicular discomfort. One common phenomenon is epididymal hypertension, known as “blue balls,” which occurs due to prolonged sexual arousal without ejaculation. During arousal, blood flow increases to the genital area, including the testicles and epididymis. If ejaculation does not occur, this increased blood volume can remain, leading to pressure or a dull ache.
The epididymis can become engorged with sperm and fluid, causing a feeling of fullness or mild pain. This discomfort subsides as arousal diminishes and blood flow returns to normal. Muscular contractions from intense or frequent sexual activity can also strain pelvic floor muscles. These muscles support pelvic organs and can refer pain to the testicular area if fatigued or spasming.
While some individuals experience mild, temporary discomfort after frequent ejaculations, this pain is benign and resolves on its own. It stems from temporary vascular engorgement or muscle fatigue, not damage or disease. Pain directly caused by ejaculation is usually not indicative of a serious underlying condition.
Other Reasons for Testicular Pain
Testicular pain can arise from a variety of conditions. Epididymitis, an inflammation of the epididymis, is a common cause, often from bacterial infection, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like chlamydia and gonorrhea, or urinary tract infections. Symptoms include gradual pain, swelling, and warmth in the scrotum, sometimes with painful urination or discharge.
Orchitis is inflammation of the testicle itself, caused by viral infections like mumps, or bacterial infections. It presents with testicular pain, swelling, and often a fever. Orchitis frequently occurs with epididymitis, a condition known as epididymo-orchitis.
Testicular torsion is a medical emergency where the spermatic cord, which supplies blood to the testicle, twists. This cuts off blood supply, leading to sudden, severe pain, swelling, nausea, and vomiting. Prompt medical attention is crucial to preserve the testicle.
STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhea can cause testicular pain, often by leading to epididymitis or orchitis. They may also present with penile discharge or painful urination.
Inguinal hernias occur when a portion of the intestine pushes through a weak spot in abdominal muscles, sometimes extending into the scrotum. This can cause a bulge, pain, or pressure in the groin and testicular area, especially during activities that increase abdominal pressure. Referred pain from kidney stones can also manifest as testicular discomfort, radiating from the back or side to the groin and testicles.
Direct trauma to the scrotum results in immediate pain, swelling, and bruising. A healthcare professional should evaluate the injury.
Varicocele is enlarged veins within the scrotum, similar to varicose veins in the legs. It causes a dull ache or heaviness, which may improve when lying down.
A hydrocele is a fluid-filled sac around the testicle, leading to scrotal swelling. While often painless, it can cause discomfort or heaviness if it becomes large.
Testicular cancer is a less common cause of testicular pain; it usually presents as a painless lump or swelling. Some individuals may experience a dull ache or heaviness, and any new lump or change warrants prompt medical evaluation.
When to Consult a Doctor
Seeking medical attention for testicular pain is important, as some causes require urgent treatment. Seek immediate medical care for sudden, severe testicular pain, especially with nausea, vomiting, or significant swelling. These symptoms could indicate testicular torsion, which necessitates emergency intervention to prevent permanent damage.
Consult a healthcare provider if pain develops after a scrotal injury and persists for over an hour, or if accompanied by fever, chills, or penile discharge. Any new lump or change in a testicle’s size, shape, or texture, even if painless, should be evaluated. Persistent or worsening pain that interferes with daily activities also warrants consultation.
Self-diagnosis should be avoided, as testicular pain causes vary widely and some conditions are serious. A medical professional can diagnose the issue through examination and, if necessary, additional tests. Accurate diagnosis ensures appropriate treatment and prevents complications.