Inflammation is the body’s initial protective response to injury or illness, isolating damaged tissue and initiating healing. When this response becomes chronic and prolonged, however, it can contribute to numerous long-term health issues. Edibles containing cannabis compounds, known as cannabinoids, are being investigated as a potential option to help regulate and manage chronic inflammation.
The Body’s Inflammation Pathway and the Endocannabinoid System
Inflammation is largely controlled by the immune system through the release of signaling proteins called cytokines. These pro-inflammatory cytokines recruit immune cells to the site of injury, but their sustained presence drives chronic inflammatory conditions. The body possesses a complex regulatory network known as the Endocannabinoid System (ECS) that works to maintain balance, or homeostasis, across many physiological processes, including immune function.
The ECS consists of naturally produced compounds (endocannabinoids), the enzymes that synthesize and break them down, and two main receptor types: Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 (CB1) and Type 2 (CB2). CB1 receptors are highly concentrated in the brain and central nervous system. CB2 receptors are predominantly found on immune cells and in peripheral tissues. The activation of CB2 receptors, which are often upregulated during inflammatory states, is thought to be the primary mechanism by which cannabinoids diminish inflammatory responses.
Cannabinoids: Evidence for Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Cannabis contains phytocannabinoids like cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which interact with the ECS to exert their effects. CBD is known for its anti-inflammatory properties and does not produce intoxication. Studies suggest that CBD may reduce inflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activating the body’s natural anti-inflammatory pathways.
Research indicates that CBD, often alongside other minor cannabinoids like cannabigerol (CBG), demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects by modulating immune cell activity. THC also exhibits anti-inflammatory capabilities, particularly by binding to CB2 receptors in the immune system to reduce inflammatory signaling. THC has been shown to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines. A combination of both CBD and low-dose THC may offer a comprehensive approach, often referred to as the “entourage effect,” to manage inflammatory conditions.
Edibles Versus Other Forms: Metabolism and Duration
Choosing an edible form of cannabis results in a different experience compared to inhalation methods like smoking or vaping. When consumed, the cannabinoids travel through the digestive system before being absorbed into the bloodstream. This process is known as first-pass metabolism, where the compounds pass through the liver before circulating throughout the body.
The liver’s metabolic enzymes convert delta-9-THC into a more potent compound called 11-hydroxy-THC. This metabolite is effective at crossing the blood-brain barrier, which contributes to the intense and prolonged effects reported with edibles. This conversion causes a delayed onset, typically taking 60 to 120 minutes to begin. However, the effects can last six to eight hours or longer. The extended duration is advantageous for managing chronic inflammation, as it provides sustained relief without the need for frequent re-dosing.
Safe Usage, Dosing Considerations, and Side Effects
Due to the delayed onset of edibles, new users should “start low and go slow” to prevent overconsumption. A beginner dose often starts at 2.5 milligrams of THC or less. Users should wait at least two hours before considering taking more. Finding the ideal dose requires patience and tracking the body’s response, as individual metabolism and tolerance levels vary.
Short-term side effects include dry mouth, drowsiness, and altered perception, especially with higher THC doses. Higher doses may also increase the risk of anxiety or paranoia. Cannabinoids can affect liver enzymes that metabolize other medications, including certain blood thinners or sedatives, so users must be aware of potential drug interactions. Consulting with a healthcare provider before incorporating edibles is recommended, particularly for individuals managing complex health conditions or taking prescription drugs.