Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. Warts are growths on the skin caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). While eczema does not directly cause warts, individuals with eczema can have an increased susceptibility to developing them. This connection is indirect, stemming from how eczema affects the skin’s natural defenses.
Understanding Eczema and Warts
Eczema involves a compromised skin barrier, which acts as the body’s first line of defense against external threats. This barrier dysfunction in eczema is often due to genetic factors, such as mutations in the filaggrin protein, leading to gaps in the skin’s protective layer. The impaired barrier allows moisture to escape, resulting in dry, itchy skin, and makes the skin more permeable to irritants, allergens, and microorganisms.
Beyond the physical barrier, eczema is also characterized by immune system dysregulation. The immune response in individuals with eczema can be overactive or imbalanced, with a predominance of certain immune cells and cytokines that contribute to inflammation. This altered immune environment can affect how the body responds to infections.
The Connection: How Eczema Increases Wart Susceptibility
The compromised skin barrier in eczema patients plays a significant role in increasing susceptibility to warts. This “leaky” skin barrier, with its microscopic cracks, provides easier entry points for viruses like HPV to infect skin cells, bypassing the skin’s initial protective layers.
Immune dysregulation associated with eczema can hinder the body’s ability to effectively clear HPV infections. While the immune system typically fights off viral invaders, the imbalanced immune response in eczema might make individuals less efficient at recognizing or eliminating the human papillomavirus. This can lead to persistent HPV infections and the development of warts.
Common Warts Associated with Eczema
Individuals with eczema may experience common warts (Verruca vulgaris) more frequently or severely. These warts are typically rough, grainy bumps that often appear on the hands and fingers, but can occur elsewhere. They are caused by specific HPV types, such as HPV 2 and 4.
Another viral skin infection often seen in individuals with eczema is molluscum contagiosum. Caused by a poxvirus, molluscum contagiosum presents as small, pearl-like bumps, often in clusters. Children with eczema, in particular, may be more prone to persistent molluscum contagiosum due to their compromised skin barrier and immune responses. The presence of eczema can also make these lesions more irritating or widespread.
Managing Warts in Eczema Patients
Managing warts in individuals with eczema involves preventive measures and careful treatment. Maintaining a healthy skin barrier is key, including regular moisturizing to prevent dryness and cracking. Avoiding excessive scratching helps prevent the virus spread. Good hygiene, such as not sharing towels or razors, reduces transmission risk.
If warts develop, consult a dermatologist, as treatment approaches may need adjustment for sensitive eczematous skin. Over-the-counter options like salicylic acid can be used, but apply carefully to avoid irritating surrounding skin. Dermatologists can also offer in-office treatments like cryosurgery (freezing) or other methods, considering the patient’s skin condition.