Earwax, also known as cerumen, is a naturally occurring substance within the ear canal. It serves a protective role, helping to lubricate the ear canal and prevent foreign particles, dust, and microorganisms from reaching deeper structures of the ear, such as the eardrum. While earwax is typically shades of yellow or brown, discovering red earwax can cause concern. This unusual coloration often indicates the presence of blood, prompting questions about its cause and when medical attention might be necessary.
Typical Earwax Characteristics
Normal earwax can vary significantly in appearance from person to person, influenced by genetics and age. It commonly ranges in color from pale yellow to orange, and even light to dark brown. Newer earwax tends to be lighter in color, progressively darkening as it ages and accumulates debris. The texture of earwax also shows diversity; it can be soft and sticky, or dry and flaky. Wet earwax, which is generally sticky and yellow or brown, is common among people of European and African descent, while dry, flaky, and sometimes grayish or tan earwax is more prevalent among individuals of East Asian descent.
Reasons for Red Earwax
The presence of red earwax usually indicates that blood has mixed with the cerumen. One of the most frequent reasons for this is minor injury to the ear canal’s delicate skin, often from attempts to clean the ear with cotton swabs, fingers, or other objects. Even gentle actions can cause small scratches or abrasions.
Ear infections, such as otitis media, can cause inflammation and fluid buildup. If pressure from this fluid ruptures the eardrum, blood can mix with earwax or discharge. A foreign object lodged in the ear canal can also cause irritation, abrasions, and bleeding. Sudden changes in air pressure (barotrauma), common during flying or scuba diving, can rupture the eardrum and lead to bleeding. In rare instances, growths or other ear conditions may also contribute to blood in earwax.
When to Consult a Healthcare Professional
While minor ear canal injuries might heal on their own, certain signs indicate the need for professional medical evaluation. Consult a doctor if red earwax is persistent, or if you experience accompanying symptoms like ear pain, discharge, or a feeling of fullness. These symptoms could signal an ear infection, which may require treatment to prevent complications.
Seek medical attention promptly if you notice hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), or dizziness alongside red earwax. These could indicate a ruptured eardrum or other serious conditions. Immediate medical care is advised if there’s a suspicion of a foreign object, significant bleeding, or if it results from a head injury. Avoid inserting objects like cotton swabs into the ear canal, as this can worsen the issue or cause new damage.