Donuts can trigger acid reflux, the uncomfortable burning sensation known as heartburn. Acid reflux, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) when chronic, occurs when stomach contents flow back up into the esophagus. Although donuts are not inherently acidic, their composition disrupts the body’s natural anti-reflux barriers. The combination of high fat, refined sugar, and preparation methods often triggers symptoms in susceptible individuals.
How High Fat Content Triggers Reflux
The primary mechanism by which a donut causes reflux centers on its high fat content. Fat in the fried dough significantly contributes to the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the muscle that acts as a gate between the esophagus and the stomach. When sphincter pressure drops, it allows stomach acid to escape back into the esophagus, causing the burning sensation. This effect is partly mediated by the digestive hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), which relaxes the LES muscle.
High-fat foods also cause delayed gastric emptying. Fat takes longer to digest than proteins or carbohydrates, meaning the stomach remains full for an extended period. This prolonged presence of food and stomach acid increases the overall pressure inside the stomach. The combination of a weakened LES and high internal pressure dramatically increases the opportunity for reflux episodes, sometimes hours after consumption.
Other Dietary Components That Contribute
While fat is the main culprit, other ingredients in a donut increase reflux risk. Donuts contain significant amounts of refined carbohydrates, including flour and high sugar content. These simple carbohydrates are often poorly digested, leading to increased fermentation by bacteria lower down the gastrointestinal tract. This fermentation generates gas, which causes abdominal bloating and distension.
The resulting increase in intra-abdominal pressure can physically push stomach contents upward, placing mechanical stress on the relaxed LES. Furthermore, the deep-frying process introduces chemical irritants. When cooking oils are heated to high temperatures, compounds like acrolein can form. Acrolein is a known irritant that can irritate the lining of the stomach and esophagus, exacerbating existing reflux symptoms.
Immediate Relief and Prevention Strategies
Immediate relief often involves simple positional changes. Remaining upright after consumption, such as sitting or taking a gentle walk, allows gravity to help keep stomach contents down. Avoid lying down for at least two to three hours after eating to minimize nighttime reflux.
Antacids or acid-reducing medications can provide quick relief by neutralizing stomach acid or reducing its production. For prevention, portion control is important, as large meals put more pressure on the LES. Pairing the treat with low-acid, high-fiber foods, such as oatmeal or bananas, can help absorb stomach acid. Chewing sugar-free gum after eating stimulates saliva production, which is mildly alkaline and helps wash acid back down the esophagus.