Dentures are removable appliances that replace missing teeth and surrounding tissues, restoring oral function and appearance. While generally safe, dentures can contribute to sinus problems, though this is uncommon. Understanding their relationship with nearby sinus cavities clarifies how such issues might arise.
The Anatomy of Sinuses and Dentures
The paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces within the skull bones that connect to the nasal cavity. The maxillary sinuses, located just above the upper teeth within the cheekbones, are particularly relevant to dental health due to their close proximity to upper back tooth roots.
Upper dentures rest on the gums and underlying bone of the upper jaw, covering the palate to create a seal. This anatomical relationship means upper denture issues can potentially affect the maxillary sinuses, given the thin bone layer often separating them.
How Dentures Can Influence Sinus Health
Ill-fitting upper dentures can exert pressure on the underlying bone, affecting the floor of the maxillary sinuses. This constant pressure or movement from a loose denture can lead to discomfort, irritation, and inflammation in the sinus area. Over time, this mechanical irritation may disrupt normal sinus function.
Poor denture hygiene can lead to oral infections, such as candidiasis, a yeast overgrowth appearing as white patches or redness. The mucous membranes lining the mouth are continuous with those in the sinuses. These fungal infections can spread to nearby sinus cavities, contributing to chronic sinusitis.
Long-term denture wear can result in bone resorption, where the jawbone beneath the gums gradually shrinks due to lack of stimulation from natural tooth roots. This bone loss can be significant, particularly in the upper jaw, thinning the bone that separates the mouth from the sinuses. As the bone diminishes, dentures may become loose, further increasing pressure on the thinned bone and making the sinuses more vulnerable. Dentures typically cause up to 70% bone loss within the first several years of use.
In rare cases, dental implants used to support dentures can inadvertently affect sinus health. If an upper jaw implant is placed too close to or perforates the sinus membrane during surgery, it can create a pathway for bacteria to enter the sinus. This can lead to a sinus infection, characterized by pain and congestion. Such complications are uncommon, as precautions are taken during implant placement.
Identifying and Managing Denture-Related Sinus Issues
Common sinus symptoms that might coincide with denture wear include persistent nasal congestion, pressure or pain around the cheeks or upper jaw, post-nasal drip, and recurring headaches. An unpleasant taste or smell, particularly if localized to one side, could also indicate a connection.
If these symptoms arise, especially alongside loose or uncomfortable dentures, a professional evaluation is recommended. Consulting a dentist or prosthodontist is the first step; they can assess denture fit and oral health. They may suggest denture adjustments, relining, or a new denture fabrication to ensure proper fit and reduce pressure on the sinus floor.
Improving daily denture hygiene practices is important to minimize the risk of oral infections. This includes regularly cleaning dentures to prevent bacterial and fungal buildup. If symptoms persist or worsen, or if there are signs of infection like fever or severe pain, seeking medical attention is important for proper diagnosis and treatment.