Dry mouth, medically known as xerostomia, occurs when the salivary glands do not produce enough saliva to keep the mouth adequately moist. This feeling of dryness or stickiness is a common complaint among individuals who wear dentures. Saliva plays a significant role in both oral health and the function of dental prosthetics, so a lack of it can cause noticeable issues. Understanding the relationship between dentures and xerostomia is important for managing oral comfort and maintaining health.
The Connection Between Dentures and Dry Mouth
While dentures do not directly cause reduced salivary production, the prosthetic’s presence can significantly worsen the experience of dry mouth. Dentures, especially full upper dentures, cover large portions of the oral tissues, including the palate. This physical barrier interferes with the natural flow and distribution of saliva, preventing it from properly lubricating the entire mouth surface.
The material used in the denture base, often acrylic, can also play a role in the sensation of dryness. Some denture materials are less easily “wetted” by natural saliva compared to the moist mucosal tissue of the mouth. This reduced wettability means the saliva does not spread as effectively across the denture surface, which can contribute to the feeling of a dry, sticky mouth.
A poorly fitting denture can create localized areas of irritation on the underlying gums. This persistent irritation compounds the discomfort associated with a pre-existing lack of saliva. Saliva normally acts as a natural lubricant and cushion between the denture and the gum tissue. Without enough saliva, friction increases, making the prosthetic feel rougher and more abrasive.
Symptoms and Oral Health Risks of Dry Mouth
Xerostomia often involves a sticky, dry feeling in the mouth, a sore throat, and difficulty speaking or swallowing. Individuals may also notice a change in their sense of taste or a burning sensation on the tongue. These symptoms result from the severe reduction of the mouth’s natural moisture and protective barrier.
For denture wearers, insufficient saliva poses several specific oral health risks. Saliva is necessary for creating the suction that helps keep dentures securely in place against the gums and palate. When the mouth is dry, retention is compromised, causing the prosthetic to feel loose and unstable. This instability can lead to difficulty eating.
The lack of saliva’s natural cleaning and antimicrobial properties increases the risk of fungal infections, such as oral thrush (candidiasis). This infection manifests as white lesions on the tongue and inner cheeks, making it painful to wear dentures. Increased friction from a dry mouth can also lead to chronic irritation, sores, and inflammation of the gum tissues beneath the denture.
Common Non-Denture Causes of Xerostomia
The primary causes of dry mouth are typically systemic and not directly related to the denture itself. Medication side effects represent the most common cause of reduced salivary flow, especially in older adults who frequently take multiple prescriptions (polypharmacy). Hundreds of medications list dry mouth as a potential side effect, including common classes like antihistamines, decongestants, and various psychiatric drugs.
Certain antidepressants and medications for high blood pressure or urinary incontinence are strongly associated with decreased saliva production. Drugs used to treat urinary incontinence, for example, can be nearly six times more likely to cause dry mouth compared to a placebo. Therefore, a complete review of all medications, including over-the-counter drugs, is a necessary step when investigating xerostomia.
Beyond medication, several systemic diseases can directly impair salivary gland function. Conditions such as Sjögren’s syndrome, an autoimmune disorder, and uncontrolled diabetes are well-known contributors to chronic dry mouth. Lifestyle factors also play a significant role, as tobacco use and chronic dehydration both lead to reduced moisture in the mouth. Patients who receive radiation therapy to the head or neck area may experience permanent damage to their salivary glands.
Management and Relief Strategies for Denture Wearers
Strategies exist to manage the symptoms of dry mouth and improve comfort for denture wearers. A simple step is to increase the frequency of water intake, taking small sips continuously throughout the day rather than drinking large amounts occasionally. This constant hydration helps maintain surface moisture.
Using specialized oral care products designed for xerostomia can provide significant relief. These include over-the-counter saliva substitutes, which come in gels, sprays, or rinses and mimic the lubricating qualities of natural saliva. Products containing ingredients like xylitol can also help stimulate the minor salivary glands to produce more fluid.
Avoiding substances that actively dry out the mouth is beneficial, such as caffeinated beverages, alcohol, and tobacco products. Highly acidic or spicy foods can irritate already dry and sensitive oral tissues and should be limited. Finally, ensuring the dentures are properly cleaned and accurately fitted is a practical management solution. If the prosthetic is ill-fitting, a dentist can perform an adjustment or reline to reduce friction and irritation on the underlying gum tissue.