Denture adhesive is a material used by individuals with removable dentures to enhance the fit, stability, and retention of the prosthetic devices. These pastes, powders, or strips are designed to create a stronger seal between the denture and the gum tissue. While generally safe when used correctly, the adhesive can cause throat or systemic problems under certain circumstances. Concerns typically arise from chronic overuse or sensitivity to specific chemical components found within the formula.
How Denture Adhesive Can Cause Irritation
The physical act of applying too much denture adhesive creates a localized pathway for irritation in the mouth and upper throat. When the material is squeezed out by the pressure of the denture, the excess product can migrate and dissolve in saliva. This dissolved material is then swallowed throughout the day, coating the throat and potentially irritating the mucosal lining of the esophagus. Chronic ingestion of this surplus adhesive may lead to a persistent feeling of thickness or a lump in the throat, known as globus sensation. Furthermore, the thick, sticky nature of the product can spread to the back of the mouth, stimulating the gag reflex.
Identifying Problematic Ingredients
Adhesives are primarily composed of non-toxic materials like cellulose gum and poly methyl vinyl ether-malevich anhydride (PVM-MA), which form the sticky base. However, the most significant systemic health concern has been the inclusion of the mineral zinc, which manufacturers added to enhance the product’s sticking power. Chronic, excessive use of zinc-containing adhesives leads to a condition where the body absorbs too much zinc. Elevated zinc levels interfere with the absorption of copper, leading to a deficiency.
Copper is required for the proper function of the nervous system, and its depletion can cause a neurological disorder called acquired copper deficiency myeloneuropathy. This toxicity usually occurs in individuals who overuse the product, sometimes using two or more tubes per week. Beyond zinc, many adhesives contain other compounds like artificial colorings, preservatives (such as parabens), and flavorings. These can trigger localized contact dermatitis or allergic reactions in the oral cavity, leading to irritation, redness, or a burning sensation in the gums and throat.
Recognizing Symptoms of Throat and Systemic Issues
Symptoms related to denture adhesive can be categorized into localized throat issues and systemic problems. Localized symptoms often stem from the physical presence of the adhesive and include a scratchy sensation, persistent mild cough, or an uncomfortable feeling of dryness in the throat. Swallowing excess adhesive can also cause gastrointestinal upset, manifesting as nausea, stomach discomfort, or a temporary change in bowel movements.
Systemic issues associated with chronic zinc toxicity involve neurological symptoms. These typically begin with peripheral neuropathy, characterized by numbness, tingling, or a pins-and-needles sensation in the hands and feet. Over time, copper depletion can progress to cause muscle weakness, difficulty with balance, and an unsteady gait. If neurological symptoms persist, or if localized throat irritation continues after reducing adhesive use, consult a physician immediately for a blood test to check copper and zinc levels.
Safe Application and Alternatives
To mitigate the risk of irritation and systemic issues, proper application is necessary. Only a small amount of adhesive should be used, applied in short strips or dots, ensuring it does not ooze out when the denture is seated. If the adhesive squeezes out, it means too much was used, and the excess should be wiped away rather than swallowed.
For those concerned about chemical exposure, many products are now available in zinc-free formulations. If a denture requires constant, heavy use of adhesive, it is ill-fitting and needs professional attention. Alternatives like professional relining, which adjusts the denture base to the current shape of the gums, or using cushioned liners can improve fit and stability, reducing or eliminating the need for adhesive entirely.