Cupping therapy, an ancient practice, involves placing special cups on the skin to create suction. This technique has seen a resurgence in popularity for various health benefits. As interest grows, so does the public’s inquiry into its safety, particularly concerning the potential for blood clot formation. This article explores the mechanisms of cupping and the factors that influence its safety profile regarding blood clots.
Understanding Cupping Therapy
Cupping therapy involves creating suction on the skin using specialized cups. These cups, made from materials such as glass, bamboo, earthenware, or silicone, are typically placed on areas like the back, stomach, arms, or legs. The suction pulls the skin and superficial tissues upward into the cup.
There are two primary forms of cupping: dry cupping and wet cupping. Dry cupping involves suction, often created by heating air inside the cup before placement or using a mechanical pump. Wet cupping, also known as hijama, begins with suction. After a few minutes, the cups are removed, and small, superficial incisions are made on the skin. The cups are then reapplied to draw out a small amount of blood.
How Cupping Affects Blood Flow
Cupping suction significantly influences localized blood flow. When cups are applied, negative pressure pulls the skin and underlying tissues into the cup, causing blood vessels, particularly capillaries, to dilate and expand. This action increases blood circulation to the treated area, a phenomenon known as hyperemia.
The increased pressure can also cause tiny blood vessels under the skin to break, resulting in the characteristic circular marks, or ecchymoses, that resemble bruises. While these marks might look like bruises, they result from blood being drawn to the surface and do not indicate deep muscle injury. The body’s natural response to this localized tissue trauma involves the coagulation process, where platelets and clotting factors work to stop any minor bleeding and initiate repair. Some critics note that the blood within these marks is clotted, and therefore, not flowing.
Factors Influencing Blood Clot Risk
While cupping is considered low-risk, certain conditions and techniques can increase the risk of blood clot formation. Individuals with pre-existing health issues, such as bleeding disorders like hemophilia or inherited clotting disorders, face an increased risk. Similarly, those with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or other cardiovascular diseases should approach cupping with caution.
Medications that affect blood clotting, such as anticoagulants or blood thinners like warfarin and aspirin, also increase the risk of excessive bleeding or complications. Improper cupping techniques, including excessive suction or prolonged application, can lead to significant tissue damage and potentially trigger an exaggerated clotting response. Wet cupping, which involves making small incisions in the skin, introduces an additional risk of bleeding and infection, further necessitating careful consideration. One reported case describes deep vein thrombosis with pulmonary embolism following acupuncture and cupping, suggesting a potential link.
Recognizing Potential Complications
Understanding potential complications after cupping therapy is important for safety. While temporary marks are expected, certain symptoms could indicate a serious issue, such as a blood clot. These include:
Swelling in one arm or leg
Persistent pain that does not subside
Warmth in the skin over a specific area
Unusual redness and discoloration
Tenderness or soreness in a localized area
A rapid heartbeat
Lightheadedness
Unexplained fatigue
If chest pain or trouble breathing occurs after a cupping session, immediate medical attention is advised, as these could be symptoms of a pulmonary embolism. Additionally, skin infections, burns (especially from fire cupping), or scarring are other complications that may arise.
Practicing Cupping Safely
To minimize complications, including blood clots, when considering cupping therapy, selecting a qualified and experienced practitioner is important. Seek professionals such as licensed acupuncturists, chiropractors, massage therapists, physical therapists, or medical doctors trained in cupping. A reputable practitioner understands human anatomy and physiology.
Before treatment, disclose a complete medical history to the practitioner, including existing health conditions (e.g., bleeding disorders) and all medications. Avoid cupping on compromised skin, including areas with open wounds, rashes, infections, fragile skin, varicose veins, or recent cuts and burns. Following the session, proper aftercare is important:
Keep the treated area clean and dry.
Avoid strenuous physical activity for at least 24 hours.
Stay well-hydrated.
Protect the skin from extreme temperatures and direct sun exposure.