Coyotes, known for their adaptability across North America, can exhibit a striking black coat. While many envision coyotes as having tawny or grayish-brown fur, the presence of black individuals highlights the diverse color variations within wildlife populations. This distinctive coloration is not indicative of a separate species, but rather a unique genetic expression within the common coyote, Canis latrans. This article explores the scientific reasons behind this dark fur, where these coyotes are typically found, and how to differentiate them from other black-furred canids.
Melanism in Coyotes
The presence of a black coat in coyotes is due to a genetic condition called melanism, which involves an increased development of dark pigment. Specifically, it results from the overproduction of eumelanin, the type of melanin responsible for black and brown coloration in mammals. This genetic trait is caused by a mutation in the CBD103 gene, and it is heritable, meaning it can be passed down through generations within the coyote population. The genetic mutation for melanism did not originate in coyotes but was introduced into their gene pool later in the 20th century. This occurred through interbreeding with other canids, specifically domestic dogs and red wolves, which historically exhibited melanistic traits.
Geographic Distribution and Frequency
Melanistic coyotes are primarily found in the southeastern United States, standing out against the more common lighter-colored individuals. Their occurrence is relatively low, typically comprising about 5% to 9% of coyote populations in this region. This higher concentration in the Southeast is linked to historical interbreeding events with red wolves, which commonly carried the melanism gene.
The expansion of coyotes into eastern North America, following the decline of red wolf populations, facilitated this genetic exchange. Research suggests that black coyotes may exhibit larger home ranges and a preference for shadier environments with dense canopy cover, such as coastal bottomland forests. This environmental preference aligns with Gloger’s Rule, which posits that darker animals are found in warmer, more humid regions.
Distinguishing Black Coyotes from Other Canids
Identifying a black coyote can be challenging, as they may be mistaken for other black-colored canids like wolves or domestic dogs. However, several physical characteristics help distinguish them. Coyotes are generally smaller than gray wolves, typically weighing between 18 and 45 pounds, while wolves can range from 70 to 150 pounds.
Coyotes possess distinct features such as a slender, pointed snout, large and erect ears relative to their head size, and a bushy tail that is often carried low, sometimes almost dragging the ground. Their eyes usually have a yellow iris with round pupils. In contrast, wolves tend to have broader skulls, shorter, rounder ears, and squarer snouts.
While domestic dogs exhibit a wide variety of appearances, a coyote’s overall leaner build and consistent physical traits, such as their characteristic tail carriage and more oval-shaped tracks, can help in identification. Relying solely on coat color is not a definitive way to identify a species, as many canids can display black fur. Therefore, observing a combination of physical and behavioral cues is important for accurate identification.