Fainting, medically termed syncope, can be associated with COVID-19. This temporary loss of consciousness can occur both during the acute phase of the infection and as a lingering symptom in the post-viral period. Individuals experiencing or recovering from COVID-19 have reported such episodes, prompting a closer look into its causes and appropriate responses.
Fainting as a Symptom of COVID-19
Fainting has been reported in individuals with COVID-19. It can manifest during the acute infection phase, potentially triggered by the body’s response to the virus. Some patients have experienced syncope as an initial symptom of COVID-19, sometimes even as the only presenting symptom, indicating it can be an early warning sign.
Fainting can also emerge as a complication in the post-viral phase, often referred to as “Long COVID.” This suggests that the impact of the virus can extend beyond the initial illness, affecting bodily functions that regulate consciousness.
Physiological Mechanisms Behind COVID-Related Fainting
The mechanisms through which COVID-19 can lead to fainting are varied, encompassing both acute effects of the infection and longer-term post-viral complications. During the acute phase, several factors contribute to a temporary reduction in blood flow to the brain. These include:
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances often occur due to fever, vomiting, or diarrhea, reducing overall blood volume. This can lead to orthostatic hypotension, a sudden drop in blood pressure when moving from a lying or sitting position to standing. Prolonged bed rest during illness can also exacerbate orthostatic hypotension due to deconditioning.
Severe coughing, a common COVID-19 symptom, can also induce syncope, known as cough syncope. Intense coughing increases pressure within the chest, temporarily reducing blood return to the heart and subsequently decreasing blood flow to the brain.
General fatigue and the body’s overall debilitated state during a severe infection can further lower the threshold for fainting episodes.
In the post-COVID period, a significant factor contributing to fainting is Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS). COVID-19 can trigger or worsen dysautonomia, a dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary bodily functions like heart rate and blood pressure. In POTS, standing up causes an abnormal increase in heart rate, often accompanied by lightheadedness, dizziness, and sometimes fainting, as blood pools in the lower body instead of returning efficiently to the brain. Studies indicate that a notable percentage of individuals who have had COVID-19 may experience POTS or POTS-like symptoms in the months following their illness.
Cardiovascular issues, though less common, can also lead to fainting. Myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart muscle, has been observed in some COVID-19 patients. This inflammation can affect the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively or disrupt its rhythm, leading to reduced blood flow to the brain and potential fainting. Myocarditis symptoms, including fainting, typically appear around two weeks after COVID-19 symptoms begin. Additionally, certain medications used to treat COVID-19 or its symptoms might have side effects that contribute to fainting.
Recognizing Serious Symptoms and When to Seek Care
While a single fainting episode might not always indicate a severe problem, certain accompanying symptoms warrant immediate medical attention. Seeking urgent care or calling emergency services is important if fainting is accompanied by chest pain or pressure, shortness of breath, or an irregular heartbeat. These could be signs of a serious underlying cardiovascular issue, such as myocarditis.
Other red flag symptoms include a severe headache, confusion, an inability to wake up or stay awake, or if the loss of consciousness lasts for more than a few seconds. If an injury occurs from the fall during a fainting episode, medical evaluation is necessary. Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions should also consult a doctor for any new or recurrent fainting episodes, as these could signal a worsening of their condition. It is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for any new or recurring fainting episodes to determine the cause and receive appropriate guidance.
Immediate Steps and Preventive Measures for Fainting Episodes
If someone faints, lay the person flat on their back and elevate their legs approximately 30 centimeters (12 inches) to help restore blood flow to the brain. Loosen any tight clothing around their neck or waist to aid circulation. Check for breathing and if the person does not regain consciousness within a minute, seek emergency medical help.
If you feel faint, act quickly to prevent a full fainting episode. Sit or lie down immediately, and if possible, elevate your legs. Sitting with your head between your knees can also be helpful. These positions encourage blood flow to the brain.
General preventive measures can reduce the risk of fainting, especially for those recovering from COVID-19. Maintaining adequate hydration by drinking plenty of fluids is important, as dehydration can contribute to fainting. Make gradual changes in position, particularly when moving from lying down to standing, to allow your blood pressure to adjust. Monitoring your symptoms and avoiding triggers such as overheating or prolonged standing can also be beneficial. Following medical advice for ongoing health management, especially if you have been diagnosed with conditions like POTS, is also important for reducing the frequency of episodes.