Many individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 report changes in their allergic responses, prompting questions about a potential link between COVID-19 infection and allergy symptoms.
How COVID-19 Affects the Immune System
The SARS-CoV-2 virus significantly interacts with the human immune system, often leading to profound alterations. Upon infection, the body mounts an immune response that can result in systemic inflammation. This inflammatory process is characterized by the release of small proteins called cytokines, which regulate immune cell activity. In severe cases, an overwhelming release of these cytokines can lead to a “cytokine storm,” contributing to widespread tissue damage.
Beyond the acute phase, COVID-19 can induce immune dysregulation, meaning the immune system does not function as it typically should. Studies indicate that even mild COVID-19 infections can cause long-term changes in immune parameters, affecting the number and function of various immune cells, including T cells and B cells. This dysregulation can persist for months after infection, contributing to persistent symptoms.
Observed Connections Between COVID-19 and Allergic Responses
Emerging research and clinical observations suggest a link between COVID-19 infection and changes in allergic conditions. Individuals have reported that pre-existing allergies, such as seasonal allergies or asthma, have worsened following a COVID-19 infection. For instance, one study found that over 33% of asthmatic patients who had COVID-19 experienced worsened asthma control post-infection, a significantly higher rate than those without COVID-19. This deterioration can be reflected in lower asthma control test scores and an increased need for maintenance medication.
Beyond exacerbating existing conditions, individuals have developed new allergic-like symptoms or even new allergies after COVID-19. A recent study indicated that individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed a 20% higher occurrence of allergic diseases compared to uninfected individuals, with a notably higher risk for asthma and allergic rhinitis. This increased risk was more pronounced in moderate-to-severe COVID-19 cases and persisted for at least six months. The connection may involve heightened mast cell activation, where these immune cells become overactive and release chemicals like histamines.
Telling the Difference Between Allergy and Post-COVID Symptoms
Distinguishing between typical allergy symptoms, lingering effects of COVID-19, and long COVID symptoms can be challenging due to overlapping presentations. Both allergies and COVID-19 can cause a runny nose, nasal congestion, cough, and fatigue. However, certain characteristics often help differentiate them.
Allergies typically cause itchy eyes, nose, or throat, and do not usually result in a fever. If fever is present, especially above 100°F, it points toward an infection rather than an allergy. Allergic symptoms also tend to be long-lasting or seasonal.
COVID-19 symptoms, including those of long COVID, often include fever, severe fatigue, body aches, and a new loss of smell or taste, which are generally not associated with allergies. Acute COVID-19 symptoms typically clear within one to two weeks, though long COVID can persist for months. Consulting a healthcare provider is important for an accurate diagnosis, particularly if symptoms are severe or unusual.
Managing Worsened Allergic Symptoms After COVID-19
For individuals experiencing worsened allergic symptoms after a COVID-19 infection, several strategies can help manage discomfort. Standard allergy management techniques remain relevant, including efforts to reduce exposure to known allergens. This might involve using air purifiers, frequent cleaning, or avoiding outdoor activities during high pollen counts.
Over-the-counter medications such as antihistamines, nasal sprays, and eye drops can help alleviate symptoms like sneezing, congestion, and itchy eyes. It is important to continue any regular allergy medications as prescribed, as stopping them might compound symptoms. For persistent, severe, or new allergic symptoms, consulting a healthcare provider is advisable. A doctor can provide a personalized treatment plan, which may include prescription medications or referrals to specialists like allergists, to effectively manage the condition.