While tooth pain is not a primary or typical symptom of COVID-19, there are recognized associations that can lead to dental discomfort during or after the infection. Understanding these links provides clarity on this less common manifestation.
Direct Connections to Tooth Pain
The SARS-CoV-2 virus can directly impact oral tissues and nerves, leading to tooth pain. It primarily binds to ACE2 receptors, abundant in salivary glands, tongue, gingival tissues, dental pulp, and periodontal ligament. When the virus infects these tissues, it can trigger localized inflammation, affecting nerves and causing pain.
Inflammation in the dental pulp (pulpitis) can result from viral presence or the body’s immune response, causing tooth pain. The virus’s impact on blood flow can also affect dental tissue vitality and contribute to discomfort. Some studies suggest COVID-19 may affect the trigeminal nerve, leading to neuropathic pain that feels like a toothache, even without visible dental issues. This pain might present as a pulsating or electric shock-like sensation, affecting multiple teeth or the entire jaw.
Indirect Factors Contributing to Tooth Pain
Beyond direct viral effects, several indirect factors related to COVID-19 can contribute to tooth pain. Increased stress and anxiety, common during illness, often lead to teeth grinding (bruxism) or clenching. This habit places excessive pressure on teeth and jaw joints, resulting in tooth wear, fractures, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discomfort, which can manifest as tooth pain. Dentists have reported a significant rise in bruxism and related issues since the pandemic began, with many observing an increase among patients.
Dry mouth (xerostomia) is a common symptom reported by COVID-19 patients, often caused by dehydration, medications, or direct viral effects on salivary glands. Reduced saliva flow compromises the mouth’s natural cleansing, increasing the risk of tooth decay and gum inflammation, both pain causes. Changes in breathing patterns, like increased mouth breathing due to congestion, also contribute to dry mouth and dental problems. When unwell, neglecting oral hygiene allows plaque and bacteria to accumulate, exacerbating existing issues or leading to new ones.
When to Seek Professional Dental or Medical Advice
Seek professional dental or medical attention for tooth pain, regardless of its suspected connection to COVID-19. Severe tooth pain that persists or worsens continuously indicates immediate evaluation. Other concerning signs include jaw or gum swelling, fever, or pain interfering with daily activities like eating or sleeping. Toothaches accompanied by trouble breathing or swallowing also necessitate urgent care.
While mild discomfort might resolve, ignoring persistent or intensifying tooth pain can lead to serious complications like widespread infection or tooth loss. Hospital emergency departments are not equipped for dental problems; contact a dental professional directly for severe concerns. Even if pain relates to COVID-19, a dental assessment can rule out other underlying conditions requiring specific treatment.
Managing Tooth Discomfort
For mild tooth discomfort, several home remedies offer temporary relief while awaiting professional consultation. Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help manage pain and inflammation. Ibuprofen, an NSAID, is often effective for pain with swelling. Topical anesthetics containing benzocaine can also be applied directly for temporary numbing.
Rinsing with warm salt water several times daily can reduce inflammation and cleanse the area. Applying a cold compress to the outside of the cheek can also help reduce pain and swelling. Maintaining good oral hygiene, even when unwell, is important, including brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpaste and flossing once a day. These measures are for temporary relief and not substitutes for a professional diagnosis and treatment plan if pain persists or worsens.