Oral thrush, a common fungal infection, has garnered interest during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many are curious about a potential connection between the viral infection and its development. This article explores the relationship between COVID-19 and oral thrush, delving into the reasons for their co-occurrence.
What is Oral Thrush?
Oral thrush, also known as oral candidiasis, is a fungal infection that occurs when a yeast called Candida albicans accumulates in the mouth. This yeast naturally lives in the mouth without causing issues for many individuals. However, an overgrowth can lead to symptoms.
Symptoms often include creamy white, slightly raised patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, roof of the mouth, gums, or tonsils. These patches may resemble cottage cheese and can cause redness, burning, or soreness in the mouth. Some individuals also experience a cottony feeling in their mouth, a loss of taste, or cracking at the corners of their mouth.
Oral thrush typically arises when the immune system is weakened or the balance of microorganisms in the body is disrupted. Factors contributing to its development include a compromised immune system, long-term antibiotic use, or inhaled corticosteroids. Conditions like diabetes, wearing dentures, or dry mouth also increase the risk.
COVID-19 and Oral Thrush: The Link
COVID-19 can contribute to oral thrush development through several mechanisms. The viral infection temporarily weakens the immune system, increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections like candidiasis. This immune dysregulation creates an environment where Candida albicans can proliferate.
Medications used to treat severe COVID-19, particularly corticosteroids like dexamethasone, are known to suppress the immune system. This immunosuppressive effect significantly increases the risk of developing oral thrush. Prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, often administered during COVID-19 hospitalizations, can also disrupt the natural balance of oral microbiota, allowing yeast to overgrow.
Hospitalization and intubation can further contribute to the risk. These circumstances can lead to changes in the oral environment, influencing the balance of oral flora. Additionally, dry mouth (xerostomia), a reported COVID-19 symptom, creates a favorable environment for Candida growth. The virus may even directly affect salivary glands, leading to decreased saliva production.
Addressing Oral Thrush
While some mild cases might resolve on their own, especially if the underlying cause is removed, most instances require treatment to prevent the fungus from spreading.
Home care measures can help manage symptoms while seeking professional advice. Rinsing the mouth with a warm saltwater solution or a baking soda solution can offer relief. Consuming probiotic yogurt may also help restore a healthy balance of bacteria in the mouth.
Consult a healthcare provider if you suspect oral thrush, especially if symptoms persist for over two weeks or if you recently had COVID-19 or are taking related medications. A doctor can diagnose the condition and may prescribe antifungal medications, such as lozenges, liquids, or tablets. These medications typically clear the infection within seven to fourteen days.