Leg pain can be a symptom of COVID-19. This article explores why it occurs, how frequently it is reported, and management strategies.
Is Leg Pain a Common Symptom?
Leg pain, often described as muscle aches or soreness, is a recognized symptom of COVID-19. It typically presents as myalgia, affecting muscles in areas like the shoulders and legs. Studies indicate that muscle pain is reported by a notable percentage of individuals with COVID-19, with some reviews finding it in 15% to 17% of cases.
This pain can manifest as a general ache, soreness, or more severe cramping and spasms. While leg pain can occur alongside other common COVID-19 symptoms like fever, cough, and fatigue, it may also appear without them. For some, muscle and bone pain, including in the legs, can also be a feature of long COVID, where symptoms persist beyond the acute phase of the infection.
Understanding the Mechanisms Behind the Pain
Leg pain associated with COVID-19 stems from several biological responses. One primary reason is widespread inflammation triggered by the immune system’s response. When the body detects SARS-CoV-2, it releases proteins called cytokines, leading to inflammation in muscle tissues. An oversupply of cytokines can result in a “cytokine storm,” causing significant inflammation and muscle weakness.
In some instances, the virus may directly affect muscle cells, a condition known as myositis. The virus binds to ACE2 receptors on skeletal muscle cells, allowing it to enter and potentially infect the tissue. This direct viral activity or immune response can lead to muscle damage. Additionally, inflammation or the virus itself can affect peripheral nerves, potentially leading to neuropathic pain or tingling sensations in the legs.
Vascular issues also contribute to leg pain, particularly in more severe cases. COVID-19 can cause blood clots, leading to pain and swelling in the legs. The virus can trigger inflammation in blood vessels, increasing clotting risk. While less common than general muscle aches, these clots can be serious.
Managing COVID-Related Leg Pain
Mild to moderate COVID-19 leg pain often responds to home care strategies. Resting the affected legs and elevating them with pillows can help improve blood flow and reduce swelling and muscle tension.
Applying ice packs to painful areas can reduce inflammation and numb pain, particularly in the initial days. After initial icing, applying heat, such as warm compresses or taking a relaxing bath with warm water and Epsom salt, can help muscles relax and promote healing.
Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can also assist in managing muscle aches. Staying well-hydrated is also beneficial. Gentle stretching or light movement, if tolerable, can help decrease muscle soreness and alleviate pain. Massaging the legs can also ease pain and promote relaxation.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Seek professional medical evaluation for leg pain that is severe, sudden, worsens significantly, or does not improve with home care. These symptoms can indicate more serious conditions.
Specific warning signs in the legs that require immediate attention include swelling, redness, warmth, or discoloration of the skin in one leg, which could be signs of a blood clot. If leg pain is accompanied by difficulty breathing, chest pain that worsens with a deep breath, coughing, or a faster than normal or irregular heartbeat, seek emergency care immediately, as these may indicate a blood clot in the lungs. Other concerning symptoms include sudden weakness or numbness in the leg.