A common question regarding COVID-19’s long-term health consequences is whether it can lead to new asthma. This article explores the current scientific understanding of this potential link, examining how the virus affects the lungs and what research indicates about new-onset asthma post-infection.
Understanding Respiratory Complications of COVID-19
COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, primarily targets the respiratory system, leading to various complications. During acute infection, the virus can cause lung inflammation (pneumonitis). In severe cases, this can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), where fluid fills the tiny air sacs in the lungs, hindering breathing and oxygen transfer.
Many individuals experience persistent respiratory symptoms after acute COVID-19, such as cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. These can linger for weeks or months, forming part of “long COVID” or post-COVID conditions. While affecting lung function, these issues are distinct from an asthma diagnosis.
The Current Evidence for New Asthma Onset
Research indicates a possible association between COVID-19 infection and new-onset asthma. Studies show an increased risk of new asthma diagnoses following COVID-19, with higher incidence in infected individuals compared to uninfected controls. For instance, one study found individuals who had COVID-19 had a 2.14 times higher risk of new-onset asthma. Another observed that 4.7% of unvaccinated children infected with COVID-19 developed new-onset asthma within a year, compared to 2.0% in uninfected counterparts.
This increased risk has been observed across various age groups and appears consistent regardless of SARS-CoV-2 variant or vaccination status, though vaccination might reduce overall risk. It is important to differentiate new asthma diagnoses from other lingering post-COVID respiratory issues like persistent cough or shortness of breath. While common in long COVID, these do not always equate to a formal asthma diagnosis. A medical evaluation is necessary to confirm an asthma diagnosis.
Potential Mechanisms of Action
How COVID-19 might contribute to new asthma development is under investigation. One proposed mechanism involves immune dysregulation. The virus can alter the immune system’s response, potentially leading to chronic inflammation and increased airway hypersensitivity, similar to what occurs in asthma.
Direct damage to airway cells or lung tissue is another potential pathway. This damage could result in remodeling or scarring that mimics changes seen in asthmatic airways. The inflammatory response triggered by COVID-19 may also become chronic, leading to persistent airway hyperresponsiveness, a characteristic feature of asthma.
Viral infections are known triggers for asthma development in susceptible individuals, particularly in children. Viruses like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV) have been linked to wheezing and subsequent asthma development. COVID-19, as a respiratory virus, may similarly induce changes in the immune system and airways that contribute to a predisposition for asthma.
When to Seek Medical Advice
If you have had COVID-19 and are experiencing new or worsening respiratory symptoms, seeking medical attention is important. Symptoms that should prompt a medical evaluation include persistent cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness. These symptoms, especially if new after a COVID-19 infection, could indicate the development of asthma or other respiratory conditions.
A healthcare professional can conduct tests, such as pulmonary function tests, to differentiate between new-onset asthma, ongoing long COVID symptoms, or other lung issues. Early and accurate diagnosis allows for appropriate management and treatment. If you experience emergency warning signs like trouble breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, or bluish lips or face, seek immediate medical care.