The overlap of symptoms between COVID-19 and seasonal allergies causes significant confusion, especially during peak pollen seasons. As the virus evolves, its presentation often resembles a milder upper respiratory illness, blurring the lines with common allergic reactions. Understanding the differences is essential for making informed health decisions and preventing the spread of the virus. Distinguishing between the two requires examining specific symptoms, systemic signs, and using diagnostic tools.
Symptoms That Mimic Allergies
The difficulty in differentiation stems from several respiratory symptoms common to both conditions. Both COVID-19 and seasonal allergies frequently cause nasal congestion, a runny or stuffy nose, and general upper respiratory discomfort. A dry or mild cough is another shared symptom; in allergies, this is often triggered by post-nasal drip. Fatigue can also accompany both conditions, though it is typically less severe with allergies. Headaches are a shared symptom, often resulting from sinus pressure (allergies) or as a systemic effect of the infection (COVID-19).
Critical Signs for Differentiation
Unique to COVID-19
Symptoms pointing toward a systemic viral infection include fever or chills, which allergies do not cause. A strong sign of COVID-19 is the sudden loss of taste or smell, which can occur without nasal congestion. Systemic symptoms affecting the entire body, such as significant muscle or body aches, are highly suggestive of COVID-19. Gastrointestinal distress, including nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, is also common with the viral infection but is almost never a feature of seasonal allergies.
Unique to Allergies
The most distinguishing feature of allergies is the “itch factor,” which is generally absent in COVID-19 infections. This includes itchy or watery eyes, an itchy throat, or itching inside the nose or ears, caused by histamine release. Allergy symptoms follow known environmental triggers and persist for weeks or months during specific seasons. Unlike a viral infection, which resolves within one or two weeks, allergies continue as long as the person is exposed to the triggering allergen. Consistent relief from over-the-counter antihistamines further suggests an allergic reaction.
Actionable Steps and Testing Guidance
If unsure whether symptoms are due to allergies or COVID-19, testing is the most definitive course of action. At-home rapid antigen tests are widely available and provide quick results to confirm or rule out an active infection. Immediate medical attention should be sought for severe symptoms, such as shortness of breath, persistent chest pain, or confusion. If a person tests positive, consulting a healthcare provider is recommended to determine if antiviral treatments are appropriate. If symptoms persist but the test is negative, manage presumed allergic symptoms with standard medications or consult an allergist.