COVID-19 is primarily recognized as a respiratory illness, affecting the lungs and airways with symptoms like cough and shortness of breath. However, the virus can impact various other body systems, including the digestive system. Many individuals experience non-respiratory symptoms, such as those affecting digestion.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms of COVID-19
Constipation can be a symptom experienced by individuals with COVID-19, though it is less common than other gastrointestinal (GI) issues like diarrhea, which affects up to half of infected individuals. Some studies report constipation in about 6.8% of patients with long COVID. It’s worth noting that a study in Mexico found 25% of a population developed “new-onset” constipation during the pandemic lockdown, attributed to lifestyle changes rather than direct viral infection.
Other commonly reported GI symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. These digestive disturbances can manifest alongside or even without typical respiratory symptoms. For some individuals, GI symptoms may be the initial sign of infection.
How COVID-19 Affects the Digestive System
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for COVID-19, can directly affect the digestive system due to the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. These receptors, which the virus uses to enter human cells, are abundant in the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach and intestines, even more so than in the lungs. This direct infection, coupled with the body’s inflammatory response to the virus, can disrupt normal digestive function.
The inflammation can irritate the intestine and alter the delicate balance of bacteria in the gut, known as the gut microbiome, leading to dysbiosis. Changes in gut-brain communication signals may also contribute to symptoms like constipation, diarrhea, or general abdominal discomfort. The severity of the COVID-19 infection can influence the likelihood of experiencing these GI symptoms.
Managing COVID-Related Digestive Issues
Managing digestive issues during a COVID-19 infection involves supportive measures to alleviate discomfort and promote recovery. Staying well-hydrated is important, especially if experiencing diarrhea or vomiting, as fluid loss can lead to dehydration. Drinking water, clear broths, and electrolyte solutions can help replenish fluids.
Dietary adjustments can also be beneficial, focusing on easy-to-digest foods while avoiding those that might worsen symptoms. Bland foods like bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast are often recommended. Limiting spicy foods, caffeine, alcohol, and high-fat items can help prevent further irritation of the digestive tract. Ensuring adequate rest allows the body to conserve energy and focus on healing.
When to Consult a Doctor
While many COVID-related digestive issues can be managed at home, certain signs warrant prompt medical attention. Severe abdominal pain that does not subside could indicate a more serious condition. Persistent vomiting or diarrhea, especially if it leads to signs of dehydration such as dry mouth, extreme weakness, or dizziness, requires medical evaluation. Other concerning symptoms include blood in stool or vomit, a high fever (over 101°F or 38.3°C) accompanying GI symptoms, or any significant worsening of your overall condition. If you have concerns about your symptoms, seek professional medical advice for personalized care.