Choking occurs when an object becomes lodged in the throat or windpipe, blocking the flow of air. Cardiac arrest, in contrast, is a condition where the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating effectively, disrupting blood circulation throughout the body.
The Critical Connection: Choking and Oxygen Deprivation
A blocked airway from choking prevents oxygen from entering the lungs, leading to a rapid decrease in the body’s oxygen supply. This state of reduced oxygen is known as hypoxia, and if complete, it becomes anoxia. The brain is particularly sensitive to oxygen deprivation, with brain cells beginning to suffer damage within minutes, and severe damage possible within three minutes.
As oxygen levels in the blood diminish, the heart and other organs are also affected. Prolonged oxygen starvation causes the heart muscle to malfunction. Research indicates that asphyxia can activate specific signaling pathways between the brain and heart, potentially accelerating the heart’s decline into arrest. Ultimately, if the airway blockage is not cleared and oxygen flow is not restored, the heart can cease its pumping action, leading to cardiac arrest.
Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms
A person who is choking may display the universal sign of choking, which involves clutching one or both hands to the throat. Other indicators include an inability to speak, cough, or breathe, or making strained, noisy breathing sounds. The skin, lips, and nails may also begin to turn blue or gray as oxygen levels decrease.
If the airway obstruction persists, the situation can progress rapidly. Signs that the individual’s condition has worsened and potentially led to cardiac arrest include unresponsiveness or breathing that is absent or only consists of gasping. Recognizing these escalating signs is essential for prompting an immediate and appropriate emergency response.
Emergency Response: What to Do
For a conscious adult or child, the American Red Cross recommends a sequence of five back blows followed by five abdominal thrusts, commonly known as the Heimlich maneuver. This alternating sequence should continue until the object is dislodged or the person becomes unresponsive. For infants under one year old, the approach differs, involving five back blows followed by five chest thrusts.
If the choking person becomes unresponsive, it is important to immediately call emergency services. Once emergency help is on the way, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). CPR for an unresponsive choking victim typically involves cycles of chest compressions, checking the mouth for any visible obstruction, and attempting rescue breaths. If an object is seen and can be easily removed, it should be swept out; however, blind finger sweeps are not recommended as they can push the object further down the airway. Continuing CPR helps to maintain some blood circulation and oxygen supply to vital organs until professional medical help arrives.
Preventing Choking Incidents
Implementing preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of choking incidents. Common choking hazards include certain foods and small household objects, particularly for young children and the elderly. For infants and young children, cutting food into small, manageable pieces, avoiding hard candies, nuts, popcorn, and whole grapes, and supervising meals are important. Small items like coins, balloons, and toy parts should be kept out of reach.
For adults, especially those with dentures or swallowing difficulties, chewing food thoroughly and eating slowly can help prevent choking. Avoiding talking or laughing while chewing, and refraining from excessive alcohol consumption during meals, also contribute to safer eating practices. Proactive awareness of these hazards and adopting safe eating and handling habits are important for preventing choking.