Chlorine exposure can cause a sore throat, a common reaction to this powerful chemical irritant. Chlorine is widely used as a disinfectant in swimming pools and in household cleaning products, such as bleach. When chlorine interacts with other substances, it can release gases that irritate the delicate tissues lining the nose, throat, and lungs.
Why Chlorine Irritates the Respiratory Tract
The irritation that leads to a sore throat is caused by chemical byproducts called chloramines, not the chlorine disinfectant itself. In swimming pools, chloramines form when free chlorine reacts with nitrogen-containing organic matter, such as sweat and skin cells introduced by swimmers. This reaction creates volatile compounds like trichloramine, which easily off-gases into the air above the water, especially in poorly ventilated indoor environments. When inhaled, these corrosive chloramine vapors directly attack the mucous membranes lining the throat and upper airway. This chemical irritation causes inflammation and dryness, leading to soreness.
A similar reaction occurs in the home when bleach is accidentally mixed with ammonia-based cleaners or acidic products like vinegar. This combination releases concentrated chloramine gas or even more potent chlorine gas, which immediately irritates the respiratory system. The corrosive nature of these gases can damage the lung mucosa, leading to inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Individuals with pre-existing conditions like asthma or allergies are often more sensitive to the effects of chloramines.
Recognizing Common Symptoms of Chlorine Exposure
A sore throat is frequently accompanied by other symptoms of upper respiratory and eye irritation, as volatile chloramines affect all exposed mucous membranes. Nasal passages often react with symptoms of rhinitis, presenting as a runny nose, congestion, and sneezing. The eyes are also highly sensitive, often experiencing stinging, burning, and redness, commonly referred to as “red eye” from the pool. These symptoms can develop quickly and may last for up to 24 hours. Lower respiratory symptoms, such as persistent coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness, indicate that the irritation has extended into the lungs and bronchial tubes.
Immediate Relief and Prevention Strategies
Immediate Relief
To relieve chlorine irritation, immediately leave the contaminated area and move to fresh air. Following inhalation exposure, rinse the mouth and throat with cool, clean water to wash away residual compounds. Hydration is also important, as drinking water helps soothe the irritated mucosal lining. If nasal symptoms occur, use a saline nasal spray to flush and moisturize the passages. A cool shower immediately after swimming removes chloramines clinging to the skin and hair, and eye irritation should be treated by flushing the eyes with clean, lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
Prevention Strategies
Preventing chloramine exposure involves proper pool chemistry and cleaning safety. Pool operators should maintain the combined chlorine level (chloramines) at or below 0.4 parts per million (ppm), ensuring the pool pH is also optimized to minimize irritation. Swimmers can help by showering thoroughly with soap before entering the pool to remove sweat and personal care products. When using household products, always ensure the cleaning area is well-ventilated and never mix bleach with ammonia-based cleaners or acidic products. Seek professional medical attention immediately if symptoms are severe, such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, or throat swelling.