Chewing tobacco, a form of smokeless tobacco, involves placing processed tobacco leaves between the cheek and gum. Users typically chew or hold it in their mouth, allowing nicotine and other chemicals to be absorbed through the oral tissues. This article explores the established link between chewing tobacco and throat cancer, its harmful components, associated health issues, and steps for quitting.
Chewing Tobacco and Throat Cancer Risk
Chewing tobacco significantly increases the risk of developing throat cancer, including cancers of the pharynx and larynx. Pharyngeal cancer affects the throat itself, while laryngeal cancer impacts the voice box. Studies confirm this direct causal link. The risk accumulates over time, correlating with both the duration and frequency of use.
Research indicates an up to 11 times increased risk of throat cancer among smokeless tobacco users. This heightened risk can severely impact speaking, swallowing, and breathing.
Harmful Components and Cancer Development
Chewing tobacco contains harmful components that contribute to cancer development. Over 28 known cancer-causing chemicals, or carcinogens, have been identified in smokeless tobacco products. Among the most harmful are tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), organic compounds formed during the growing, curing, fermenting, and aging of tobacco. Higher levels of TSNAs are associated with a greater cancer risk.
Other dangerous substances include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), radioactive elements like polonium-210, and heavy metals such as arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, and nickel. These chemicals directly damage DNA within cells in the mouth and throat. This DNA damage can lead to mutations, which are errors in the genetic code, promoting uncontrolled cell growth and the formation of tumors. Direct contact of these substances with throat tissues facilitates this carcinogenic process.
Other Associated Cancers and Health Issues
Beyond throat cancer, chewing tobacco is linked to a range of other health problems, including several other types of cancer. Users face an increased risk of oral cancer, affecting the mouth, tongue, cheek, and gums. This risk is particularly pronounced where tobacco is held in the mouth. Esophageal cancer, which affects the tube connecting the throat to the stomach, is another recognized risk, and some studies also suggest a link to pancreatic cancer.
In addition to cancerous conditions, chewing tobacco can cause various non-cancerous health issues. Many users develop leukoplakia, white or gray patches inside the mouth that cannot be scraped off and are considered precancerous lesions. Other dental problems include gum disease, receding or swollen gums, tooth decay, cavities, and the wearing down of tooth surfaces. Nicotine, present at levels comparable to cigarettes, also leads to addiction, making it difficult to stop using these products.
Steps for Quitting Chewing Tobacco
Quitting chewing tobacco significantly reduces health risks over time and can improve overall well-being. A structured approach can aid in successful cessation. Setting a specific quit date can provide a clear goal and help with preparation. Identifying personal triggers, such as certain activities or emotions that prompt tobacco use, allows individuals to develop strategies for avoiding or managing these situations.
Seeking support from friends, family, or support groups can provide encouragement and accountability during the quitting process. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in various forms, or other cessation aids, can help manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Consulting a healthcare professional is also beneficial, as they can offer personalized advice, discuss various quitting methods, and prescribe medications if appropriate.