Candles frequently cause respiratory or skin irritation, leading many people to question if they are experiencing an allergy. Symptoms such as sneezing, coughing, or headaches are real and directly linked to the candle’s emissions. However, the common discomfort is often due to chemical sensitivity rather than a true immunological reaction. Classifying the reaction requires distinguishing between a true allergy and a sensitivity based on the body’s specific response.
Differentiating True Allergies From Chemical Sensitivities
A true allergy is an overreaction of the immune system involving the production of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in response to a specific substance. This IgE-mediated response is a defined biological process. It is rare for components released by a burning candle to trigger this specific pathway. Skin symptoms, such as rashes or eczema, are more frequently categorized as true allergic contact dermatitis when caused by a fragrance ingredient.
The more common candle-related complaints are chemical sensitivities or irritant reactions, not true allergies. These reactions are non-immunological, meaning they do not involve the IgE response. Instead, they result from direct irritation of the nervous system or mucous membranes. Airborne irritants released by the flame can directly cause symptoms like a scratchy throat, eye watering, and persistent coughing. These irritant symptoms are frequently confused with allergic reactions because they involve similar discomforts, including headaches, dizziness, and shortness of breath.
Specific Candle Components That Trigger Reactions
The primary sources of irritation in commercial candles stem from the wax type and added fragrance compounds. Many candles use paraffin wax, a byproduct derived from petroleum refining. When burned, paraffin wax releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the indoor air. These VOCs can include known respiratory irritants such as benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde.
Synthetic fragrances are often the most significant culprits for triggering sensitivities. These complex blends are composed of numerous chemicals, many of which are VOCs that easily vaporize. Burning scented candles releases these compounds, which are linked to respiratory symptoms, including asthma exacerbations and generalized irritation in the eyes and throat. Some synthetic scents also contain phthalates, which are released upon burning and can be inhaled or absorbed.
Beyond the chemical emissions, the physical output of the flame can cause problems. All candles produce some level of soot and particulate matter (PM), especially when the wick is too long or unkempt. This fine particulate matter is small enough to penetrate deep into the respiratory system, where it can aggravate conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This physical pollution contributes significantly to poor indoor air quality.
Choosing Safer Candles and Mitigation Strategies
Consumers who want to continue using candles can make specific choices to reduce the release of irritants. Switching to natural waxes is a primary recommendation, with beeswax and soy wax being common alternatives to paraffin. Beeswax is known to burn very cleanly and is often the least irritating option. Soy wax is a plant-based alternative that also produces less soot than paraffin.
Focusing on the scent is paramount, as synthetic fragrances are major irritant sources. Choosing unscented candles eliminates the risk from fragrance chemicals entirely. If a scent is desired, look for products scented with pure essential oils. Proper environmental controls and usage habits further reduce exposure to emissions. Always burn candles in well-ventilated spaces, perhaps near an open window, to prevent VOCs and particulate matter from accumulating.
A simple step is to trim the wick to about one-quarter inch before each use. Keeping the wick short minimizes the amount of soot and smoke produced, resulting in a cleaner flame. Limiting the burning time can also reduce the overall buildup of airborne compounds in the room.