Yeast infections, or candidiasis, are common fungal infections caused by an overgrowth of Candida, a naturally present yeast. Though Candida albicans is common, other species also cause infections. Cancer treatment compromises the body’s ability to control this yeast, increasing infection risk. This article explores the link between cancer, its treatments, and yeast infections, covering locations, symptoms, and management.
How Cancer and Its Treatments Increase Risk
Cancer and its therapies weaken the body’s defenses, increasing susceptibility to infections. The disease itself, especially blood cancers or those affecting bone marrow, can suppress the immune system. This weakened immune function allows Candida to flourish.
Chemotherapy often reduces white blood cells, particularly neutrophils (neutropenia). Neutrophils combat fungal infections; their depletion impairs Candida control.
Chemotherapy drugs also damage mucosal barriers (mouth, GI tract, vagina), creating entry points for yeast.
Radiation therapy also increases risk, especially in areas like the head and neck. This damages mucosal linings, causing mucositis and xerostomia, favoring Candida overgrowth. Radiation to the pelvic area can heighten the risk of vaginal yeast infections.
Corticosteroids, used in cancer care, suppress the immune system, impairing macrophage function for fungal defense. Broad-spectrum antibiotics disrupt beneficial bacteria, allowing Candida to multiply, especially in the GI tract, increasing infection risk.
Common Locations and Symptoms of Yeast Infections
Yeast infections can manifest in various parts of the body. Oral thrush (oropharyngeal candidiasis) is common, characterized by creamy white patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, roof of the mouth, gums, or tonsils. These patches may resemble cottage cheese and cause soreness, a cottony feeling, difficulty eating/swallowing, and altered taste. Scraping them might reveal inflamed, red areas that can bleed.
When the infection spreads further down the digestive tract, esophageal candidiasis can develop. This condition causes pain or difficulty swallowing, often described as food getting stuck, along with chest discomfort, nausea, or acid reflux. These symptoms can impact a cancer patient’s nutritional intake and overall well-being.
Vaginal yeast infections (vulvovaginal candidiasis) commonly present with intense itching and burning in the vaginal area. A thick, whitish discharge resembling cottage cheese is often present, with redness, swelling, and discomfort or pain during intercourse or urination. These symptoms can be bothersome and affect daily comfort.
Yeast infections can also affect the skin and nails. Skin infections often appear in warm, moist areas like skin folds (e.g., armpits, groin), presenting as red, itchy rashes. Nail infections can cause discoloration, thickening, or crumbling of the nails. Systemic candidiasis, a more serious form, occurs when yeast enters the bloodstream and spreads. This can lead to generalized symptoms like fever and chills, and if untreated, severe organ involvement.
Strategies for Management and Prevention
Managing yeast infections in cancer patients involves antifungal medications, administered topically, orally, or intravenously, depending on location and severity. Common medications include fluconazole, nystatin, clotrimazole, and amphotericin B, prescribed by a healthcare provider. Medical diagnosis and prescription are important for appropriate and effective treatment.
Good oral hygiene is important, especially during chemotherapy or head/neck radiation. Brush gently with a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste. Rinse with mild solutions like saltwater or baking soda. Stay hydrated to prevent dry mouth, promoting yeast growth. Avoid alcohol-based mouthwashes, as they cause irritation.
Proper skin care is important, especially in moist areas. Keep skin folds clean and dry to prevent fungal overgrowth. Limiting excessive sugar intake may also be suggested, as yeast thrives on sugar.
Choose breathable fabrics like cotton for clothing and underwear, and opt for loose-fitting garments to prevent moisture buildup. Promptly change out of damp or sweaty clothes to reduce fungal proliferation. Regular communication with the oncology team is important to discuss any new or worsening symptoms.
When to Consult a Healthcare Provider
Cancer patients must be vigilant about new or changing symptoms and communicate promptly with their healthcare team. If yeast infection symptoms persist or worsen despite home care, or if there’s unusual discomfort, pain, or changes in affected areas, medical attention is warranted.
New or unusual symptoms like fever, chills, or a widespread rash require immediate evaluation, as these could indicate a serious systemic infection needing urgent medical intervention. Difficulty eating or swallowing, especially with oral or esophageal symptoms, also needs prompt assessment to prevent nutritional deficits.
Self-diagnosis and self-treatment are not recommended for cancer patients due to compromised immune systems and potential complications. Working closely with the oncology team ensures accurate diagnosis and appropriate management, as yeast infections can be more complex during cancer treatment.