Braces are an effective method for correcting spaces between teeth, commonly referred to as diastema. This condition involves a visible gap that can appear between any two teeth, though it is most frequently seen between the upper front teeth. Braces offer a comprehensive solution by physically moving the teeth and addressing the underlying alignment issues responsible for the spacing.
How Braces Close Gaps
The process by which braces close a diastema relies on the biological mechanism of bone remodeling. An orthodontic appliance, consisting of brackets bonded to the tooth surface and connected by an archwire, applies constant, gentle pressure to the teeth. This sustained force is transmitted through the tooth roots to the surrounding jawbone.
The pressure activates cells that manage bone density in the jaw. On the side of the tooth root where pressure is applied, specialized cells called osteoclasts begin the process of bone resorption, dissolving bone tissue. This creates a space for the tooth to move into.
Simultaneously, on the opposite side of the tooth root, tension stimulates osteoblasts to deposit new bone tissue. This cycle of bone removal and creation allows the tooth to safely travel along the archwire and into the desired position, gradually closing the gap. The time required for gap closure varies depending on the size of the space and the individual’s biological response, often taking several months to over a year.
Common Causes of Diastema
Gaps form when there is an imbalance between the size of the teeth and the size of the jawbone. If the jaw is large relative to the teeth, the teeth may not fill the entire arch, leading to generalized spacing. A localized gap can also occur if one or more teeth are missing or are naturally smaller than average (microdontia).
Certain oral habits also contribute to gap development. Persistent thumb sucking in childhood or a reverse swallowing pattern called tongue thrusting can exert pressure on the front teeth, pushing them apart. In a midline gap, the labial frenum (the tissue connecting the upper lip to the gum line) can be oversized or positioned too low. An enlarged frenum physically blocks the front teeth from coming together, often requiring a surgical procedure called a frenectomy before or during orthodontic closure.
Non-Brace Options for Gap Closure
Several cosmetic and restorative options exist to address dental spacing without traditional fixed braces.
Dental Bonding
Dental bonding is a conservative procedure where a tooth-colored composite resin is directly applied to the tooth surface. The material is sculpted and hardened to widen the teeth, effectively closing small to moderate gaps. This procedure can often be completed in a single visit.
Porcelain Veneers
Porcelain veneers offer a more durable and comprehensive cosmetic solution, especially for larger gaps or when minor reshaping of the teeth is necessary. These thin, custom-made shells are bonded to the front surface of the teeth, creating the illusion of a full, even arch. Veneers are irreversible, however, as they require the removal of a small amount of natural tooth enamel for proper fit.
Clear Aligners
Clear aligners represent a modern orthodontic treatment that functions similarly to braces but without the fixed metal hardware. These custom, removable plastic trays apply controlled forces to gradually shift the teeth and close the gaps. Aligners are a discreet and convenient option for mild to moderate spacing, relying on the same tooth movement principles as traditional braces.
Preventing Gap Relapse After Treatment
After a gap has been successfully closed, the teeth have a natural tendency to shift back toward their original positions (relapse). This occurs because the fibers and ligaments surrounding the tooth roots have a memory of their former locations and exert a pulling force. Preventing this movement requires the consistent use of a retainer.
The type of retainer used depends on the patient’s needs. A fixed retainer involves a thin wire bonded directly to the back surfaces of the newly aligned teeth, offering continuous, passive support. Removable retainers (clear plastic trays or acrylic devices) are worn full-time initially and then transition to nighttime wear. Consistent use of either type is necessary to allow the bone and surrounding tissues to stabilize and keep the gap permanently closed.