Blood sugar levels play a significant role in overall brain function. Substantial deviations from a healthy range can lead to serious neurological events, including seizures. Both excessively low and extremely high levels of glucose in the bloodstream can disrupt the intricate balance required for normal brain activity.
Low Blood Sugar and Seizures
Hypoglycemia, characterized by blood glucose levels falling below 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or 3.9 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) for individuals with diabetes, can directly trigger seizures. The brain relies primarily on glucose as its main energy source to fuel its neurons and maintain proper electrical activity. When glucose levels drop significantly, the brain becomes deprived of this necessary fuel, leading to functional impairment.
This energy shortage can result in seizures. In the early stages of insulin-induced hypoglycemia, seizures may occur due to changes in brain osmolality, influenced by shifts in sodium and potassium ions. These ionic imbalances can make neurons overly excitable, increasing the likelihood of seizure activity. If severe hypoglycemia continues without treatment, it can progress to coma, indicating a worsening of neurological compromise.
High Blood Sugar and Seizures
Extremely high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) can also contribute to seizures, though less frequently than hypoglycemia. Prolonged hyperglycemia can lead to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, especially in hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
In HHS, high blood sugar causes increased urination, leading to fluid loss and concentrated blood. This raises plasma osmolality, drawing water out of brain cells. The resulting brain cell shrinkage and electrolyte disturbances can impair neurological function and trigger seizures.
Similarly, in DKA, the body produces acidic ketones, contributing to fluid and electrolyte imbalances. These secondary effects of severe and prolonged hyperglycemia, rather than the high sugar itself, primarily disrupt brain function and can lead to seizure activity.
Identifying and Responding to Seizures
Recognizing a seizure potentially linked to blood sugar involves observing specific symptoms. These include confusion, disorientation, loss of consciousness, or convulsions like rhythmic jerking movements. Other indicators might be unusual behavior, unresponsiveness, or a sudden fall. If these symptoms occur, especially with diabetes or a history of blood sugar issues, consider blood sugar as a cause.
When witnessing a seizure, ensure the person’s safety. Clear the area of objects that could cause injury, and place something soft under their head. Do not restrain the person or place anything in their mouth.
If possible, check their blood sugar. If hypoglycemia is suspected and the person is conscious and can swallow, offer a fast-acting sugar source like glucose tablets, fruit juice, or regular soda. Call emergency services if the seizure lasts over five minutes, if the person is injured, has breathing difficulty after the seizure, or does not regain consciousness.
Preventing Blood Sugar-Related Seizures
Preventing blood sugar-related seizures involves consistent management of blood glucose levels. Regular monitoring with a glucometer or continuous glucose monitor (CGM) helps individuals stay within their target range and detect deviations early. Adhering to prescribed medication or insulin regimens is also important, as these treatments stabilize blood sugar.
Following a balanced meal plan with consistent carbohydrate intake helps prevent sudden drops or spikes. Regular physical activity benefits blood sugar control, but individuals should understand how exercise affects their levels and adjust food or medication. Awareness of personal triggers, such as skipping meals, excessive alcohol, or illness, also aids prevention.
Working closely with healthcare professionals is important for developing a personalized management plan, including adjusting medication, dietary recommendations, and strategies for specific situations. Regular check-ups allow for ongoing assessment and refinement of the treatment plan to minimize seizure risk.