Bed bugs are small, nocturnal insects that primarily feed on the blood of humans and animals. These pests are about the size of an apple seed, with flat, oval-shaped bodies that become engorged and reddish after a blood meal. While bed bugs will typically bite anyone available, it is possible for only one individual to show bite reactions or experience bites more frequently, even if multiple people are present. This phenomenon stems from varying individual responses and environmental factors.
Why Bite Reactions Vary Among Individuals
The primary reason one person might appear to be bitten while another does not relates to the human immune system’s diverse responses to bed bug saliva. When a bed bug bites, it injects saliva containing anticoagulants and painkillers to facilitate feeding. Some individuals develop immediate, noticeable, itchy welts as an allergic reaction to proteins in the bed bug’s saliva, and this hypersensitivity can cause significant discomfort and visible skin changes. Other people may experience delayed reactions, with bites appearing days after exposure, or they might not develop any visible reaction at all, remaining asymptomatic. Approximately 20% of the population may not show any signs of being bitten, meaning bed bugs could be feeding on them without leaving any visible marks; consequently, a person with no apparent reaction may still be bitten regularly, even if their sleeping partner exhibits multiple itchy bites.
Factors Influencing Bite Likelihood
While bed bugs do not prefer one person over another, several environmental and behavioral factors can influence who is bitten more frequently. Bed bugs prefer to hide close to where they feed, usually within eight feet of a sleeping person. Proximity to the bed bug harborage makes one person a more accessible target. Differences in sleeping patterns can also play a role; a person who sleeps more still provides an easier and less interrupted feeding opportunity for bed bugs. Bed bugs are attracted to hosts by carbon dioxide emissions and body heat, but these attractants do not lead to exclusive biting of one individual.
Signs of a Bed Bug Infestation Beyond Bites
Since bite reactions are not always reliable indicators, it is important to look for physical evidence to confirm a bed bug infestation. One common sign is the presence of small, dark, reddish-brown or black fecal spots on mattresses, bedding, and furniture, which are digested blood resembling ink stains or specks of black pepper. Another indicator is the discovery of shed exoskeletons from nymphs, left behind as translucent, yellowish skins when they molt. The presence of live bed bugs themselves is definitive proof of an infestation. In cases of heavy infestation, a distinct musty, sweet, or “rusty” odor, often likened to berries or coriander, may be noticeable, and these physical signs provide a more accurate assessment of an infestation than bites alone.
Taking Action Against Bed Bugs
Prompt action is important once a bed bug infestation is suspected or confirmed. A thorough inspection is crucial to locate all potential hiding spots, including mattress seams, bed frames, and cracks in walls and furniture. While homeowners can take initial steps, bed bugs are notoriously difficult to eliminate completely without professional help.
Initial steps include:
Vacuuming carpets, floors, and furniture with a strong suction and crevice tool to remove visible bugs and eggs. Seal and dispose of the vacuum bag outdoors immediately.
Washing bedding and clothing in hot water (at least 140°F or 60°C) and drying them on the highest heat setting for at least 30 minutes.
Encasement of mattresses and box springs with bed bug-proof covers.
For effective and complete eradication, contacting a qualified pest control professional is often recommended, as they can employ specialized treatments like heat or targeted insecticides.