Bamboo, often associated with tropical settings, is a diverse subfamily of grass with many varieties capable of surviving the cold winters of the northeastern United States. This fast-growing plant is popular for creating dense privacy screens quickly. While many recognizable bamboo species require warmer climates, numerous cold-hardy selections thrive in Pennsylvania’s varied environment. Successful cultivation requires selecting the correct species and implementing specific management strategies tailored to the local climate and growth habits.
Assessing Climate Suitability in Pennsylvania
The ability of bamboo to survive a Pennsylvania winter is determined by the region’s USDA Plant Hardiness Zone. Pennsylvania spans zones 5a (northern highlands) to 7b (southeastern lowlands, with most of the state falling between Zone 5b and Zone 7a. These zones correspond to the average annual extreme minimum winter temperature. For example, Zone 5b requires plants to withstand temperatures as low as -15°F.
Selecting a variety with a cold tolerance rating that matches or exceeds the local zone is necessary for survival. In colder areas like the Poconos or the Allegheny Plateau, a species hardy to at least -15°F is recommended to ensure the root mass survives. Even cold-hardy varieties can suffer foliage and culm dieback from harsh winter winds and prolonged freezing. Local microclimates, such as protected courtyards, can offer an advantage by moderating temperature extremes and wind exposure.
Identifying Hardy Running and Clumping Varieties
Bamboo species are categorized into two primary growth types based on their underground root structures, known as rhizomes. Running bamboos use leptomorph rhizomes, which spread aggressively and horizontally, rapidly colonizing a large area. Clumping bamboos have pachymorph rhizomes that curve upward to form new culms close to the parent plant, resulting in a slowly expanding, tight cluster.
For Pennsylvania, running varieties from the Phyllostachys genus are highly suitable due to their extreme cold tolerance. Phyllostachys nuda is one of the toughest, surviving temperatures as low as -20°F. Phyllostachys aureosulcata (Yellow Groove Bamboo) is hardy to about -10°F and is popular for its distinctive culm coloration. These runners quickly establish a dense screen, but their vigorous nature requires proactive containment to prevent unwanted spread.
If a non-spreading habit is preferred, the cold-hardy clumping varieties of the Fargesia genus are the best option. Fargesia murielae and Fargesia nitida (Blue Fountain Bamboo) are excellent choices, with some cultivars hardy down to -20°F. These clumpers form a graceful, fountain-like shape and do not require intensive barrier installation. Clumpers generally grow slower and may take longer to form a complete privacy screen compared to runners.
Implementing Effective Containment Measures
Successful cultivation of running bamboo relies on implementing physical containment measures to control aggressive rhizomes. The most effective method involves installing a specialized root barrier, which serves as an underground wall to redirect lateral growth. This barrier must be high-density polyethylene (HDPE), typically 60 to 80 mil thick, to ensure it resists puncture from sharp rhizome tips.
The barrier’s installation depth is important, requiring a trench 30 to 36 inches deep to block most running rhizomes. The material should be placed vertically, encircling the planting area completely, and backfilled with soil. Crucially, the top edge must protrude approximately two inches above the soil line. This prevents rhizomes from growing over the top and escaping.
An alternative is using open-bottom raised beds or containers, which restricts the root mass to a defined space. This method requires diligent annual maintenance, as rhizomes can become root-bound, necessitating division or root pruning. For in-ground plantings, annual root pruning by slicing around the perimeter with a sharp spade is a less labor-intensive measure to sever rhizomes attempting to breach the boundary.
Addressing Nuisance and Property Line Issues
The aggressive spreading nature of running bamboo has led to its classification as a nuisance plant in many Pennsylvania municipalities. While the state lacks a blanket ban, numerous local ordinances regulate its growth, especially in densely populated areas. These regulations hold the property owner responsible for preventing bamboo from crossing property lines, public rights-of-way, or damaging neighboring structures.
Even without a specific ordinance, the common law principle of private nuisance applies if the plant interferes with a neighbor’s use and enjoyment of their land. If uncontained rhizomes cross a boundary, the owner may be legally required to pay for removal and barrier installation. To mitigate this risk, plant running bamboo at least 10 to 20 feet away from property lines and utility structures, even with a barrier. Open communication with neighbors about containment efforts helps avoid disputes.