Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) and preterm labor are health concerns for pregnant individuals. Understanding their relationship is important for healthy pregnancies. This article explores BV, preterm labor, and how BV may influence the risk of early delivery.
Understanding Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal condition resulting from an imbalance in the natural bacterial environment of the vagina. Typically, beneficial bacteria, primarily lactobacilli, help maintain a healthy vaginal ecosystem. In BV, there is an overgrowth of certain anaerobic bacteria, disrupting this delicate balance.
This imbalance is not considered a sexually transmitted infection, although sexual activity can increase the risk. Many individuals with BV experience no symptoms at all. When symptoms do occur, they can include an off-white, gray, or greenish vaginal discharge, often accompanied by a strong, fishy odor, particularly after sex. Some may also experience vaginal itching, irritation, or a burning sensation during urination.
Understanding Preterm Labor
Preterm labor occurs when regular uterine contractions cause cervical changes before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. A full-term pregnancy typically lasts about 40 weeks. When labor begins too early, it results in a preterm birth.
Babies born prematurely may face health challenges because their organs have not fully matured. Preventing preterm labor is a focus in prenatal care.
The Connection Between BV and Preterm Labor
Bacterial vaginosis is associated with an increased risk of preterm labor and birth. The altered bacterial balance in BV can lead to inflammation within the reproductive tract.
Certain bacterial products and inflammatory substances produced in the vagina due to BV can ascend into the uterus. This ascent may trigger uterine contractions and lead to premature cervical changes. Additionally, the presence of these bacteria and inflammatory responses might weaken the membranes surrounding the fetus, potentially causing them to rupture early.
Premature rupture of membranes can increase the likelihood of preterm labor. While BV increases the risk, not every pregnant individual with BV will experience preterm labor or birth. However, for those with BV, especially with a history of previous preterm deliveries, the risk is higher.
Recognizing and Treating BV During Pregnancy
Recognizing BV signs during pregnancy is important. If a pregnant individual notices unusual vaginal discharge, a strong odor, itching, or burning, they should contact their healthcare provider.
BV is commonly diagnosed through a pelvic exam, where a healthcare provider may observe the discharge and take a sample for analysis. Diagnostic tests can include checking the vaginal pH, performing a “whiff test” (to detect a fishy odor), and examining a vaginal fluid sample under a microscope for “clue cells” or an imbalance of bacteria.
Once diagnosed, BV is typically treated with antibiotics, such as metronidazole or clindamycin. These medications are available as oral pills or vaginal gels/creams.
Antibiotic treatment for BV is considered safe during pregnancy and helps reduce potential complications. It is important to complete the full course of prescribed medication, even if symptoms improve or disappear before finishing.
Reducing Your Risk of BV
Certain practices can help reduce the risk of BV, especially during pregnancy. Avoiding douching is a preventive measure, as it can disrupt the natural balance of vaginal bacteria and increase susceptibility to BV. The vagina is naturally self-cleaning and does not require internal washing.
Wearing breathable cotton underwear can help maintain a healthy vaginal environment by reducing moisture. Practicing safe sex, including consistent condom use and limiting the number of sexual partners, may also lower the risk. Additionally, wiping from front to back after using the toilet helps prevent bacteria from the anal area from entering the vagina. Using mild, unscented soaps for external genital hygiene and avoiding scented products like tampons or sprays can also support vaginal health.