Rabies is a viral disease that targets the central nervous system of mammals and is nearly always fatal once clinical symptoms appear. Raccoons are recognized as a major reservoir species in North America, carrying the Raccoon Rabies Virus Variant (RRVV). This zoonotic illness is primarily transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal, typically via a bite or scratch. Understanding the risk posed by raccoons, particularly the young, is important for public health.
Rabies Risk in Juvenile Raccoons
A baby raccoon can certainly have rabies, although they are not born with the virus in most cases. Vertical transmission, where the infection passes from mother to fetus during pregnancy, is extremely rare. Juvenile raccoons become exposed to the virus primarily through contact with an infected animal, most often their own mother or another rabid wild animal.
Exposure usually occurs via a bite, which introduces the virus present in the saliva. The incubation period before symptoms appear can vary widely, ranging from a few weeks to several months. Even before a young raccoon displays outward signs of illness, the virus can be present in its saliva, meaning any contact with the animal is considered a risk. Because of their inexperience and vulnerability, young raccoons are highly susceptible to becoming infected and can pose a danger regardless of their age.
Recognizing Rabies Symptoms in Raccoons
The disease can manifest in two main forms, often referred to as “furious” or “dumb” rabies. The furious form, which is less common, is characterized by highly aggressive behavior, unprovoked attacks, and a general loss of fear. This form may also cause the animal to vocalize excessively or display a hypersensitivity to light and sound.
The more frequently observed manifestation is the paralytic or “dumb” form, which presents with more subtle signs. Infected raccoons may appear disoriented, exhibit a staggering gait, or show a general loss of coordination. A raccoon that is normally nocturnal may be seen wandering aimlessly in the daytime, which is a major warning sign. Other symptoms include lethargy, excessive drooling or difficulty swallowing, and a lack of fear that causes them to approach humans or pets.
Essential Public Safety Protocols
The public should treat all raccoons, especially young ones, as potential carriers of rabies and other diseases. If a baby raccoon is found alone and appears healthy, the safest action is to leave it undisturbed, as the mother is often nearby and will return. Never attempt to handle, rescue, or feed a raccoon of any age without professional training and protection. Direct contact with a raccoon is considered a potential rabies exposure.
If you observe a raccoon, young or adult, acting strangely—such as stumbling, showing a lack of fear, or being active during daylight hours—immediately contact your local animal control or public health department. Do not try to capture or scare the animal away yourself; professionals should handle wildlife displaying abnormal behavior. Authorities will determine the appropriate course of action, which may involve safely removing the animal for testing.
In the event of a bite, scratch, or any contact with a raccoon’s saliva, immediate and urgent action is necessary to prevent a fatal infection. The wound must be thoroughly washed for several minutes with soap and water to flush out any potential viral particles. Following this first aid, seek medical attention without delay, as a doctor will need to evaluate the risk and determine if Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) is required.
PEP involves a series of vaccinations and the administration of rabies immune globulin, which is highly effective if given promptly after exposure. For pets, keeping their rabies vaccinations current is the most effective preventive measure. To discourage raccoons from entering residential areas, secure all garbage cans with locking lids and avoid leaving pet food or water bowls outside, as these attractants increase the likelihood of human-wildlife interaction.