X-rays are a diagnostic tool used to visualize internal structures, even in infants. While radiation can concern parents, X-rays are safely administered when medically necessary. Healthcare providers carefully weigh the diagnostic benefits against any potential risks to ensure the best outcome for the child.
When X-Rays Are Necessary
X-rays are recommended for infants when conditions or symptoms require a clear view of internal structures that a physical examination cannot provide. For instance, X-rays are often used to identify suspected bone fractures, which can be difficult to assess in a non-verbal infant. They can also help locate foreign objects that a baby might have swallowed or inhaled, a common concern in this age group.
Beyond injuries, X-rays help diagnose respiratory issues like pneumonia or bronchiolitis. Additionally, they can be used to investigate congenital abnormalities or to confirm the correct placement of medical devices like feeding tubes. These images help doctors confirm or rule out conditions, guiding appropriate and timely treatment for the infant.
Understanding Radiation Safety
While X-rays involve a small amount of radiation, pediatric imaging centers adhere to strict safety protocols to minimize infant exposure. The guiding principle in pediatric radiology is “As Low As Reasonably Achievable” (ALARA), meaning the lowest possible radiation dose is used while still obtaining a diagnostic quality image. This is especially important for children, as their developing bodies are more sensitive to radiation than adults, and they have a longer lifespan during which potential effects could manifest.
Specialized techniques achieve ALARA. For example, X-ray beams are precisely collimated, or focused, to target only the specific area of interest, limiting radiation scatter to surrounding tissues. Equipment settings are adjusted based on the infant’s size and weight, using lower kilovoltage (kV) and milliampere-seconds (mAs) settings than those used for adults, ensuring the radiation dose is “child-sized.” Modern X-ray machines are more efficient, using less radiation than older models.
Historically, lead shielding was routinely used to cover areas of the body not being X-rayed. However, recent research and updated guidelines from major radiology organizations, including the American College of Radiology, indicate that routine lead shielding offers minimal benefit and can sometimes interfere with image quality, potentially requiring repeat X-rays. Despite this, the benefit of an accurate diagnosis from an X-ray generally outweighs the very low risk associated with the small radiation dose. Pediatric radiologists and technologists undergo specialized training to ensure these safe imaging practices are consistently applied for children.
The X-Ray Procedure for Infants
The X-ray procedure for infants is designed to be quick and comfortable, recognizing their unique needs. Immobilization is often necessary to prevent movement and ensure clear images, as any motion can blur the X-ray and require a repeat scan. This might involve swaddling the baby, using specialized positioning devices like a Pigg-o-Stat, or gentle manual assistance from a trained professional.
Parents are typically allowed to be in the X-ray room with their infant to provide comfort and help keep the baby still. If a parent remains in the room, they will be provided with a lead apron to protect themselves from scattered radiation. The X-ray technician, a trained professional, will position the infant carefully and then activate the machine from a separate control area.
X-ray exposure time is very brief, often a fraction of a second. The process is generally painless, though the room may be cool, and the X-ray table can feel firm. The technician works to make the environment as non-threatening as possible, ensuring the procedure is completed efficiently to minimize any potential distress for the infant.