Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that can increase an individual’s risk of developing certain types of cancer. While many STDs cause immediate symptoms, some can remain undetected for long periods.
STDs Directly Linked to Cancer
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) includes over 200 types, with 14 considered high-risk for cancer. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is a primary cause of cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers.
HPV is linked to cancers of the vagina, vulva, and penis. While HPV infections are common, most clear on their own. However, persistent high-risk HPV infections can lead to abnormal cell changes that may progress to cancer.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) are liver infections. Chronic infection with either HBV or HCV significantly increases the risk of developing liver cancer. These viruses can be spread through sexual contact.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) weakens the immune system. While HIV does not directly cause cancer like HPV or hepatitis viruses, its immunosuppressive effects allow other cancer-causing viruses to thrive. This leads to an increased risk of specific cancers, including Kaposi’s sarcoma, which causes lesions on the skin, lymph nodes, and internal organs. Individuals with HIV also have a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma and HPV-related cancers, such as anal and cervical cancers.
How STDs Can Lead to Cancer
Certain viruses, like Human Papillomavirus (HPV), contribute to cancer by integrating their genetic material into host cell DNA. This integration disrupts normal cellular processes and introduces viral genes, known as oncogenes, which promote uncontrolled cell growth and division. These changes can lead to the transformation of healthy cells into cancerous ones.
Persistent infections with viruses such as Hepatitis B and C can trigger chronic inflammation in affected tissues, particularly the liver. Long-term inflammation creates an environment where cells are constantly damaged and repaired, increasing the likelihood of DNA mutations. This can lead to the development of cancerous cells.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) compromises the immune system, reducing its ability to identify and eliminate abnormal cells. A weakened immune system allows potentially cancerous cells to grow unchecked and makes the body more vulnerable to other cancer-causing viruses.
Reducing Your Risk
Vaccination offers protection against certain cancer-causing STDs. The HPV vaccine is highly effective in preventing infections caused by high-risk HPV types, reducing the risk of cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. This vaccine is recommended for individuals starting at age 9. The Hepatitis B vaccine can prevent HBV infection and reduce the risk of liver cancer, and is often given to infants and adults.
Practicing safe sex, including the consistent and correct use of condoms, can significantly lower the risk of transmitting many STDs, including those linked to cancer. Condoms create a barrier that helps prevent the exchange of bodily fluids and skin-to-skin contact. Regular STD testing is also an important step, especially for sexually active individuals, as early detection allows for timely treatment and can prevent infection progression.
Specific cancer screenings are available for early detection in individuals at higher risk. Routine Pap tests detect precancerous changes in the cervix caused by HPV, allowing for early intervention. Individuals with chronic Hepatitis B or C infections should undergo regular screenings for liver cancer, which may include blood tests and imaging studies. Consulting with healthcare professionals for personalized advice on prevention and screening is recommended.