An overdose occurs when an individual consumes a substance in quantities greater than recommended or safe, leading to a toxic effect on the body. This can involve prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, illicit substances, or even alcohol. A seizure is a sudden, temporary disruption of brain activity caused by abnormal electrical firing among brain cells, manifesting in changes in movement, sensation, behavior, or consciousness. Toxic amounts of substances can profoundly impact the brain’s delicate balance, potentially triggering seizures.
Substances That Can Trigger Seizures
Substances taken in excessive amounts can provoke seizures. Stimulants like cocaine, amphetamines, and synthetic cathinones can over-activate the central nervous system. Overdoses of certain prescription medications also carry a risk, including antidepressants, opioid pain medications (like tramadol), and antipsychotics. These can lower the seizure threshold, cause brain chemical imbalances, or induce seizures at high doses or when combined with other drugs. Other drugs, such as certain antituberculosis medications, are also highly associated with overdose-induced seizures.
How Overdoses Lead to Seizures
Overdoses can disrupt normal brain activity through several physiological mechanisms. One way is through direct neurotoxicity, where the substance damages or overstimulates brain cells. This can involve an imbalance of neurotransmitters. For instance, some substances can increase excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate or decrease inhibitory neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). A reduced availability of GABA, which normally dampens brain activity, can lead to increased cerebral excitability and seizures.
Metabolic disturbances resulting from an overdose can also impair brain function and trigger seizures. These can include severe changes in blood sugar levels, electrolyte imbalances, or reduced oxygen supply to the brain due to respiratory depression or cardiovascular effects. Some substances can also cause extreme body temperature changes, such as hyperthermia, which can directly contribute to seizure activity.
Responding to an Overdose-Induced Seizure
If you witness an overdose-induced seizure, take immediate action to ensure the individual’s safety.
- Call for emergency medical help immediately. Provide the operator with information about what substances might have been taken.
- While waiting for help, protect the person from injury by moving nearby objects that could cause harm.
- Gently cushion their head with something soft, like a jacket or pillow, to prevent head trauma.
- Do not restrain the person or place anything in their mouth, as this can cause further injury.
- Note the time the seizure began and how long it lasts, as this information is helpful for medical professionals.
- Do not attempt to induce vomiting or give the person anything by mouth.