An overbite is a common dental characteristic where the upper front teeth overlap the lower front teeth. It is a frequent dental concern, leading many to question if this alignment can change or worsen over time. This article explores the nature of overbites and factors influencing their progression.
Defining an Overbite
An overbite is a type of malocclusion. It occurs when the upper teeth overlap the lower teeth. A small overlap, between 1 to 2 millimeters, is considered normal and necessary for proper dental function. However, an overlap exceeding 3 millimeters is considered excessive and may require attention.
The term “overbite” can refer to two types of overlap. Vertical overbite, also known as a deep bite, describes the vertical extent to which the upper front teeth cover the lower front teeth. Horizontal overbite, often called overjet, refers to the horizontal protrusion of the upper teeth beyond the lower teeth.
Reasons an Overbite Might Worsen
Several factors can contribute to an existing overbite worsening over time. Genetic influences play a role, as inherited jaw structure and tooth alignment can predispose individuals to overbites. Jaw growth imbalances, where the upper and lower jaws develop at different rates, are impactful during adolescence. If the lower jaw grows slower than the upper, it can lead to an increased overbite.
Certain oral habits can also exacerbate an overbite. Prolonged thumb sucking, pacifier use, or bottle-feeding in childhood can alter jaw development and tooth positioning. Tongue thrusting, where the tongue pushes against the front teeth during swallowing or rest, can contribute to overbite progression. Habits like excessive nail biting can apply constant pressure to the upper front teeth, causing them to shift forward.
Tooth loss, especially of molars, can lead to a collapse of the bite, allowing existing overbites to deepen. Chronic teeth grinding, known as bruxism, can wear down tooth enamel and alter tooth alignment, pushing upper teeth forward and making the overbite more noticeable. Unaddressed jaw misalignment can also strain the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), potentially leading to TMJ disorders and further changes in bite alignment.
Health Impacts of Progressive Overbites
A progressive overbite can lead to various oral health issues. One common consequence is excessive wear on tooth enamel, particularly on the lower front teeth, due to constant friction from the overlapping upper teeth. This wear can increase tooth sensitivity and susceptibility to cavities. In severe cases, the lower front teeth may even bite into the gum tissue behind the upper front teeth, leading to gum irritation, inflammation, and recession.
Jaw pain and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders are also potential impacts of a worsening overbite. The misalignment can place stress on the jaw muscles and joints, resulting in symptoms such as headaches, earaches, and difficulty with jaw movement. Chewing and speaking can also become challenging, potentially leading to digestive issues or speech impediments like lisps. A pronounced overbite also increases the risk of injury to the front teeth, especially during physical activities.
Managing Overbite Progression
Early detection and intervention are important for managing overbite progression and its health impacts. Regular dental check-ups allow dentists and orthodontists to monitor bite development and identify signs of worsening overbite. For children, addressing habits like thumb sucking or prolonged pacifier use can help prevent progression of the condition.
Orthodontic treatments are effective for correcting overbites in both children and adults. Braces, consisting of brackets and wires, gradually move teeth into proper alignment by applying consistent pressure. Clear aligners offer a less visible alternative, using custom-made trays to shift teeth. Both methods may utilize elastics or other appliances to aid in jaw alignment.
In some severe cases, particularly for skeletal overbites where jaw structure is the primary issue, orthodontic treatment may be combined with corrective jaw surgery. After orthodontic treatment, retainers are used to maintain the new tooth positions and prevent relapse. The specific treatment approach depends on the severity of the overbite and individual patient needs.