Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can develop on or within an ovary. These common growths often do not cause symptoms, but can sometimes lead to discomfort or disrupt normal bodily functions. This article explores their potential connection to irregular menstrual periods.
Understanding Ovarian Cysts
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form on or inside an ovary. Most are benign, common, and often go unnoticed. They are broadly categorized into two main types: functional and pathological cysts.
Functional cysts are the most common, directly related to the normal menstrual cycle. They include follicular cysts (when a follicle doesn’t release an egg) and corpus luteum cysts (when a released egg’s follicle fills with fluid). Pathological cysts are less common, forming due to abnormal cell growth unrelated to the menstrual cycle. Examples include dermoid cysts, endometriomas, and cystadenomas.
How Ovarian Cysts Impact Menstrual Cycles
Ovarian cysts, particularly functional cysts, can influence the body’s hormonal balance, leading to irregular menstrual periods. The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones like estrogen and progesterone. When cysts develop, they can disrupt the normal production and release of these hormones, affecting a period’s predictability and characteristics.
Functional cysts, such as follicular cysts, can produce hormones or interfere with ovulation. If a follicular cyst does not rupture to release an egg, it can delay or prevent ovulation. This disruption can cause periods to be late or missed entirely, as the uterine lining may not shed as expected. Some cysts can also produce additional estrogen, which may cause the uterine lining to build up excessively, leading to heavier or prolonged bleeding. Conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), characterized by multiple small follicles, frequently result in irregular or absent periods due to a lack of regular ovulation.
Cysts can also affect the timing of periods, making cycles unpredictable, or leading to spotting between periods. This hormonal disruption can cause periods to come more frequently or less often, or result in lighter bleeding. Therefore, changes in period timing, flow, or consistency can indicate that ovarian cysts are affecting menstrual cycle regulation.
Other Common Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts
While irregular periods can be a sign, ovarian cysts often present with other symptoms that vary depending on their size and type. Many cysts are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during routine examinations. However, larger cysts or those that rupture or twist can cause noticeable discomfort.
Common symptoms include pelvic pain, often a dull ache or sharp pain on one side of the lower abdomen. Individuals might also experience a feeling of fullness, pressure, or bloating. Pain during sexual intercourse is another possible symptom. Some cysts can press on the bladder or bowels, leading to frequent urination or difficulty with bowel movements. Nausea and vomiting can also occur, particularly with larger cysts or if the ovary twists.
When to Consult a Doctor
Consult a healthcare provider if you experience persistent or concerning symptoms that might indicate an ovarian cyst. This includes chronic irregular periods, unexplained pelvic pain, or bloating that does not resolve. A doctor can assess your symptoms and determine if further investigation is needed.
Immediate medical attention is necessary for “red flag” symptoms suggesting a complication, such as a ruptured cyst or ovarian torsion. These include sudden, severe abdominal or pelvic pain, especially if accompanied by fever, vomiting, dizziness, or lightheadedness. Such acute symptoms may indicate internal bleeding or a lack of blood supply to the ovary, which are medical emergencies. Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam, symptom review, and imaging tests like an ultrasound; blood tests may also be performed. Management options range from watchful waiting for smaller, benign cysts to medication or surgical removal if symptoms are severe, the cyst is large, or there is concern for malignancy.